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Definition
| the process by which sensory receptor neurons detect info and transmit it to the brain |
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| interpretation of sensations |
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Definition
argue that perceptions in the world are constructed over time through learning
-we learn to infer the meaning of our sensations |
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Definition
argue that perception is NOT created by interpreting external input--that instead innate capabilities and maturational programs are the driving forces
-perception does not require past experience
-most researchers lean towards this way |
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Definition
learning to be bored with a stimulus if it is presented repeatedly
-used to test infants perceptional abilities |
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Definition
| if an infant looks at one stimuli longer than another stimuli they are showing preference |
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Definition
measuring electrical activity of brain by putting electrodes on the skins surface
-determine different responses to stimuli |
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Definition
| ability to perceive detail |
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Definition
| ability of the lens of the eye to change shape to bring objects at diff distances into focus |
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Definition
-can detect changes in brightness and track a slow moving object, and see things that are close
-have poor visual acuity and accomodation
-takes about 6 months to 1 year for them to see as well as an adult |
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Term
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Definition
| responsive to sharp boundaries between light and dark areas |
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Term
| what properties of patterns are infants attracted to |
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Definition
-contour
-dynamic (contain movement)
-moderately complex patterns
-patterns that are "top heavy"
-can recognize mothers face if being exposed to it along w her voice |
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Term
| when can infants perceive a meaningful face |
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Definition
| 2-3 months of age, can shift focus better and look at internal cues not just the outside edges |
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Term
| size constancy and infants |
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Definition
recognize that an object is the same size despite changes in its distance from the eyes
-young infants can do this |
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Term
| infants and perceiving drop offs |
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Definition
| -2 month olds show interest in the drop offs but do not yet know to fear them like an infant that can crawl |
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Term
| infants and organizing objects |
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Definition
| -have an innate ability to organize a visual scene into distinct objects and are better able to make sense of a world in motion |
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Definition
| -infants come equipped with organized systems of knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| -moving air molecules--eardrum--cochlea in inner ear--electrical signals |
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Term
| newborns capacity for hearing |
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Definition
-can hear better than they can see
-can localize sound
-prefer listening to stimuli that is relatively complex
-cant hear soft sounds as well
-are most attuned to sounds they heard in the womb |
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Definition
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Term
| speech perception and infants |
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Definition
show a preference for speech sounds over others
-can distinguish between common sounds and deviant sounds
-sensitive to contrasts in sounds not found in their "language", unlike adults
-over time become more sensitve to contrasts in sounds important in their own language and not others |
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Definition
-can distinguish bitter, sour, and sweet tastes
-produce different faces to different tastes
-innate preference for sweet
-flavor preferences highly responsive to learning |
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Term
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Definition
| a gene that shows that genetic variation can account for a lot of the variation in children and adults perception of bitter/sweet things |
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Definition
-can smell well
-babies like familiar smells and can smell their own mother if they are breast fed |
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Definition
-may be one of the first senses to develop
-sensitivity develops in the cephalocaudal direction
-sensitive to warm and cold |
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Term
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Definition
recognizing through one sense an object familiar through another
-touching something in a bag without seeing it and identifying it
-good at oral to visual cross modal transfer by 3 months |
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Term
| visually driven normal development |
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Definition
| a period when expected developmental changes in vision will occur with exposure to normal visual input; these changes wont occur without the input |
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Term
| sensitive period of damage (vision) |
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Definition
| a period when abnormal or absent visual input is likely to lead to permanent deficits in some aspect of vision |
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Term
| sensitive period for recovery |
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Definition
| when the visual system has the potential to recover from damage |
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Term
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Definition
a clouding of the lens that leaves infants nearly blind from birth if it is not corrected
-if correction is delayed then normal vision may never develop
-sometimes not identified
-want to get it removed by 10 weeks |
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Term
| early experience and vision |
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Definition
-first three months are critical
-early experience critical for holistic face procesing and sensitivity to detail |
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Term
| three phases of exploratory behavior |
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Definition
1. explore immediate world (birth to 4 months); use vision, hearing and mouthing
2. explore objects (5-7 months) can voluntarily grasp and explore w their eyes
3. extend explorations into larger environment (8 or 9 months) and can actively investigate an object w hands |
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Term
| cultural influence and babies |
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Definition
| -over time begin to recognize slight variations in western music over japanese |
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| visual acuity improves to adult levels between |
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Definition
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| recognition of odors improves to adult levels between |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the focusing of perception and cognition on something in particular |
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Term
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Definition
-some truth to an infants attention being "captured" vs a childs attention being directed
-an infant reacts to events in the environment while a child has a focusing system that deliberately seeks out and maintains attention to events |
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Term
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Definition
| deliberately concentrating on one thing while ignoring something else |
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Term
| orienting and focusing in preschoolers |
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Definition
| -adult like orienting but worse focusing, especially when there is constant distraction |
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Term
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Definition
-inattention
-impulsivity: acts without thinking
-hyperactivity: restless |
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Term
| hyperactivity-impulsivity subtype |
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Definition
| -reveals itself in infancy: active, difficult temperments, irregular feeding/sleeping patterns |
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Term
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Definition
frontal lobes do not work properly, deficiencies in executive function such as those regulating ones behavior
-low levels of norepinephrine and dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| account for 60-90% of variation and environmental factors the rest |
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Term
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Definition
| LBW, maternal smoking, alcohol, (both result in oxygen shortage prenatally) |
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Term
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Definition
ringing sounds in one or both ears that can last for days, weeks, or indefinitely
-can be the outcome of noise exposure |
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Term
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Definition
a fifth taste, japanese word that translates to savory
-associated with amino acid glutamate; MSG
-sensitivity depends on genes |
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Term
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Definition
| -reaction of your skin to certain chemical compounds of foods; like tingle from soda |
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Term
| changes in taste over lifetime |
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Definition
-goes from liking sweet to sour things
-adolescents have more of an acquired taste |
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Definition
-more sensitive than men
-hormonal changes influence sensitivity to different smells
- |
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Term
| loss of sensation takes two forms |
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Definition
-sensory thresholds: the lowest point at which stimulation can be detected is raised
-perception, or the processing of sensory information, becomes difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| -more than half of adults get cataracts |
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Term
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Definition
become somewhat smaller and do not change as much when lighting conditions change
-this is why adults have trouble when lighting is dim, or bright or suddenly changes |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which the eyes adapt to darkness and become more sensitive to the low level of light available |
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Term
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Definition
-more dense and less flexible bc it has been gaining more cells
-cant change shape or accomodate objects at different distances into focus |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased ability of the lens to accomodate objects close to the eye |
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Term
| age related macular degeneration |
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Definition
serious retinal problem that results from damage to cells in the retina responsible for central vision
-vision becomes blurry and begins to fade from center of the visual field , leading to a dark or blurry space in the center of the image |
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Term
| cause of macular degeneration |
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Definition
| genetic, cigarette smoking |
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Term
| treatment of macular degeneration |
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Definition
| retinal implants to stimulate remaining cells in retina, vitamins, and supplements |
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Term
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Definition
a group of hereditary disorders that involve gradual deterioration of the light sensitive cells of the retina
-results in significant loss of peripheral vision leading to tunnel vision
-symptoms can appear as early as childhood |
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Term
| treatment of retinitis pigmentosa |
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Definition
| -no cure but vitamin a can slow the progress |
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Term
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Definition
| increased fluid pressure in the eye damages the optic nerve and causes a progressive loss of peripheral vision and leads to blindness |
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Term
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Definition
| -prevent damage by using eyedrops or surgery |
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Term
| older adults and attention |
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Definition
greatest difficulties in processing visual info when situation is novel and complex
-same with hearing info |
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Term
| hearing vs vision as you age |
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Definition
| -hearing problems are 3 times more prevalent than seeing problems |
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Term
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Definition
| -most originate in the inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
loss of sensitivity to high frequency or high pitched sounds is the most common
-definition: problems of the aging ear |
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Term
| visual acuity men vs women |
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Definition
| women show greater visual acuity than men |
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Term
| hearing loss men vs women |
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Definition
| men lose hearing faster than women |
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Term
| cause of age related declines in understanding people when they talk |
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Definition
| -cognitive deficiencies and loss of hearing acuity |
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Term
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Definition
-decreases with age
-cant reliably distinguish different tastes
-do not have difficulty distinguishing degrees of sweetness though |
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Term
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Definition
-produce less saliva
-take medications that may interfere |
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Term
| men vs women loss of taste/smell |
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Definition
| men lose their sense of taste more |
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Term
| old age and loss of smell |
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Definition
| -can remember bad odors from youth better than good odors |
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Term
| touch, temp and pain and age |
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Definition
-lose sensitivity to touch and temp
-pain however is only less sensitive if the pain is small |
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