Term
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Definition
| it is the branch of chemistry concerned with energy changes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is potiential energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the forms of energy? |
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Definition
| mechanical, heat, sound, electric, light, or radioactive |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the amount of heat energy required to raised one gram of water one degree celsius |
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Term
| What is calorie labeled with a captail C? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an oxidation-reduction reaction? |
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Definition
| loss or gain of an electron in a reaction |
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Term
| what is the first law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| energy cannot be neither created nor destroyed |
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Term
| What is the second law of thermodynamics? |
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Definition
| entropy is constantly increasing in the universe |
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Term
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Definition
| the disorder in the universe |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of energy avaliable to do work |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy used to make and break bonds |
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Term
| What is endergonic energy? |
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Definition
| the inward energy, requires an input of energy |
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Term
| What is exergonic energy? |
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Definition
| outward energy, releases excess free energy |
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Term
| What is the difference of equilibrum favoring of exergonic and endergonic reactions? |
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Definition
| exergonic has an equilibrum favoring the products, and endergonic has an equilibrium favoring the reactants |
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Term
| what is activation energy? |
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Definition
| the extra energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds and intiate a chemical reaction |
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Term
| As the activation energy lowers what happens to the reaction rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can lower the activation energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| The rate of the reaction can be increased by what two things? |
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Definition
| increasing the energy of reacting molecules and lowering the activation energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of influencing chemical bonds in a way that lowers the activation energy needed to initiate a reaction. |
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Term
| ATP is the building block for what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a five carbon sugar (ribose), adenine, and a chain of 3 phosphates |
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Term
| What is the key to understanding how ATP stores energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| Phosphate groups are what kind of charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| What four things effect enzymes? |
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Definition
| temperature, pH, inhibitors, and activators |
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Term
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Definition
| when ATPS outermost energy phosphate bond is hydroylzed, cleaving off the phosphate group on the end |
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Term
| Cells use ATP to drive what type of reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the cyclic fashion of ATP. |
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Definition
| Cells use exergonic reactions to provide the energy needed to synthesize ATP from ADP +Pi. They then could use the hydrolysis of ATP to provide energy to drive the endergonic reactions needed. |
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Term
| How much ATP is generally stored? |
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Definition
| a few second supply, but it constatantly making ADP |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the 3-D shape of an enzyme enable? |
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Definition
| It stabalizes a temporary association between substrates |
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Term
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Definition
| the molecules that will undergo the reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| the pockets in globular proteins with clefts |
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Term
| How does induced fit work? |
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Definition
| it is the bondage between the substrate and the enzyme |
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Term
| What is the multienzyme complex? |
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Definition
| It is an assembly consisting of several enzymes catalyzing different steps in a sequence of reactions |
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Term
| what is intramolecular catalysis? |
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Definition
| ribosomes that have folded structures and catalyze reactions on themselves |
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Term
| what is intramolecular catalysis? |
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Definition
| other ribozymes act on other molecules without being changed themselves |
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Term
| what is the optimum temperature? |
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Definition
| the highest temperature an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can reach |
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Term
| What is the human enzyme optimum temperature? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is one way enzymes are held together? |
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Definition
| between oppositely charged amino acids |
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Term
| What does the optimum pH for enzymes usually range from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity |
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Term
| What is the feedback inhibition? |
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Definition
| the end product is used as an inhibitor |
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Term
| What is a competitive inhibitors? |
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Definition
| they compete with the substrate for the same active site, occupying the active site and preventing substrates from binding |
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Term
| What are noncompetitive inhibitors? |
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Definition
| they bind to the enzyme in a location other than the active site |
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Term
| What is allosteric enzymes? |
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Definition
| enzymes that exist either as an active or inactive conformation |
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Term
| Where does most noncompetitive inhibitors bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an allosteric inhibitor? |
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Definition
| a substance that binds to an allosteric site and reduces enzyme activity |
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Term
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Definition
| additional chemical componenets that help with enzyme function |
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Term
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Definition
| a cofactor that is a nonprotein organic molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| total of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical reactions that expend energy to build up molecules |
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Term
| What is a biological pathway and what is an example of it? |
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Definition
| a sequence of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of the next reaction , and the krebs cycle |
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