Term
| What are the functions of the skeletal system |
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Definition
| provide protection, supports movement, blood formation, mineral and growth factor storage |
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Term
| The functions of the skeletal system are: support, movement, protection, mineral & growth factor storage, & cell formation- give brief descriptions for each of these |
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Definition
Support- the skeletal system provides the framework for the body
Movement- provides points of attachment for muscles through tendons
Protection- skull, and thoracic cage act as a helmet and shield
Mineral & growth factor storage- bones store calcium phosphate which makes bones more dense
Cell formation- hematopoiesis happens in the marrow of the bone |
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Term
| What is the entire skeleton made up of before it is later replaced by bone |
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Definition
| Cartilage and fibrous membranes |
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Term
Is the skeletal cartilage vascular?
innervated?
does it have a high water content?
does it contain chondrocytes?
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Definition
| Skeletal cartilage is avascular, it is not innervated, it does have a high water content, and it does contain chondrocytes-they are located in the lacunae |
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Term
| What are three types of skeletal cartilage |
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Definition
Hyaline-most abundant
Elastic-ears and epiglottis
Fibrocartilage- intervertebral discs |
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Term
| Name the four types of hyaline cartilage |
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Definition
Articular
Nasal
Costal
Respiratory |
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Term
| what are the two ways that cartilage undergoes mitosis |
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Definition
Appositional growth- chonrogenic cells in the perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of cartilage
interstitial growth- chondrocytes in lacunae divide & secrete new matrix from within |
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Term
| In contrast to the axial and appendicular anatomical positions, what are the skeletal axial and appendicular positions |
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Definition
Axial is head and torso, but the hips and shoulder blades are not included
appendicular now includes the scapular and coxal regions |
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Term
| Four classifications of bones |
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Definition
| Long, short, flat & irregular |
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Term
| What are bone markings good for |
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Definition
| Provide locations for muscle/tendon/ligaments attachment, joint surfaces, or holes that allow blood vessels and nerve fibers to pass |
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Term
| What are the two bone textures |
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Definition
Compact-external layer composed of osteons
Spongy bone-internal layer with honeycomb like structures and filled with red and yellow marrow |
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Term
| Name the four major structures of a long bone |
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Definition
| Diaphysis, proximal and distal epiphyses, and membranes (periosteum) |
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Term
| What does the periosteum do |
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Definition
| Provides blood supply (enter through the foramen), fibrous layer (secured to bone through perforating fibers) & Ostegenic layer (composed of osteoblast & osteoclasts) |
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Term
| what type of cartilage is the epiphysis covered in |
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Definition
| Hyaline articular cartilage |
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Term
| What is spongy bone in short, irregular & flat bones called |
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Definition
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Term
| what does hemotopoietic tissue do and where is it found in long spongy bone, and diploe of flat bone |
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Definition
Hemotopoietic tissue is red marrow, where RBC are formed
It is found in the trabecular cavities of spongy long bone and diploe in flat |
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Term
| What does the central canal do |
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Definition
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Term
| What do osteons use to communicate with other osteons |
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Definition
| transverse channels to intercommunicate with one another |
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Term
| what is ossification and what are the three stages it undergoes with age |
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Definition
Bone formation
The three stages are: embryos- formation of a bony skeleton; childhood- bone growth; adults-ossification serves to remodel and repair |
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Term
| Before 8 weeks, what is a embryo's skeleton mainly composed of |
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Definition
| Hyaline cartilage and fibrous membranes |
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Term
| what are the two ways that bones form |
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Definition
intramembranous ossification
endochondrial ossification |
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Term
| What are the steps of intramembranous ossification (flat bones) |
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Definition
step 1- ossification center appears
step 2- osteoid is secreted
step 3- trabeculae and periosteum forms
step 4- periosteum thickens, vascular tissue become red marrow |
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Term
| what are the five steps of endochondral ossification (long bones) |
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Definition
Step 1- bone collar forms
Step 2- cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies
Step 3- The periosteal invades creating spongy bone
Step 4- The diaphysis enlongates
Step 5- the epiphyses ossify |
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Term
| How do bones lengthen and widen |
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Definition
| lengthen through interstitial growth and widen through appositional growth |
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Term
| What are the five zones of interstitial growth |
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Definition
Quiescent zone- inactive cartilage
Proliferation zone- chondrocytes divide rapidly and stack pushing diaphysis away form epiphyses
Hypertrophic- older chrondocytes enlarge and their lacunae erode
Calcification zone- matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die
Ossification zone-bone tissue covers calcified cartilage with spicules |
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