Basic trust

In Erikson's theory, the infant's belief that people can be trusted and that the world is a safe place

Basic mistrust

In Erikson's theory, the infant's belief that people cannot always be trusted to provide for his or her needs and that the world is not necessarily a safe place

Autonomy

In Erikson's theory, the individual's belief that she or he is a competent actor in the world

Shame and Doubt

In Erikson's theory, the individual's feelings that she or he is not a competent actor in the world.

Social smile

By 3 months of age, the smile that infants direct toward other people

Wariness of strangers

A reaction of fear, concern, or distress in the presence of strangers, shown by infanfts 8- to 12-months old

Self-conscious emotions

Emotions sucha s pride, guilt, shame, and embarrasment, that emerge in the 2nd year of life

Emotional self-regulation

The ability to modulate the intensity of one's own emotional reactions to people and events

Temperament

Stable individual characteristics in attention, activity, and strength of emotional reactions

Easy temperament

According to Thomas and Chess, easy infants are generally happy, establish routines easily, and adapt quickly to change

Difficult temperament

According to Thomas and Chess, difficult infants show intense negative reactions, have difficulty adjusting to family routines, and resist change

Slow to warm up temperament

According to Thomas and Chess, these infants are relatively inavtive, negative in mood, and adjust slowly to change

Behavioral inhibition

A temperamental characteristic that invilves negative reactivity to novel stimuli of all kinds

Goodness of fit

In the Thomas and Chess theory of temperament, the match between the temperaments of infants and their caregivers that leads to the best outcome

Attachment

A deep, enduring, and specific emotional bond formed between infants and their parents or other important caregivers during the 1st year of life

Preattachment phase

In Bowlby's theory, the earlies phase of infant attachment; usually lasts from birth to 2 months of age

Attachment behavior

In Bowlby's theory, infant behavior that has the predicatble outcome of increasing proximity between the infant and the caregiver or attachment figure

Attachment in the making

In Bowlby's theory, the second phase of infant attachment in which infants begin to recognize caregivers and levels of responsiveness; usually lasts form 2 to 7 months of age

Clearcut attachment

In Bolby's theory, the third phase of infant attachment in which an infant-parent bond hads clearly been formed; usually lasts form 7 to 24 months of age

Separation protest

The infant's or toddler's tendency to show anger and distress at being spearated from mother or another attachment figure

Internal working models

Cognitive representations of attachment figures that specify the extent to which such figures can be counted on in various situations

Strange Situation

A laboratory procedure designed by Mary Ainsworth to assess security of attachment amont 12- to 18-month-olds; sometimes called the Ainsworth Strange Situation

Secure attachment

A type of attachment relationship characterized by the infants' sense of security that the attachment figure (usually the parent) will protect and provide for them, and serve as a secure base for exploration and a safe haven under stressful circumstances

Avoidant attachment

A type of attachment relationship characterized by the belief that the attachment figure (usually the parent) will not protect or provide for the infant or child, and that the attachment figure does not generally serve as a haven of safety under stressful circumstances

Ambivalent attachment

A type of attachment relationship characterized by uncertainty that the attachment figure (usually the parent) will protect or provide for the infant or child, and about whether the attachment figure can be trusted to serve as a haven of safety under stressful circumstances

Disorganized attachment

A rare type of attachment relationship characterized by a disordered pattern of behavior that is not clearly organized around an attachmentfigure, that may include odd or bizarre actions, and occurs primarily in cases that involve child abuse, neglect, or other trauma

Attachment Q-Sort

A tachnique for assessing security of attachment in which an observer is asked to sort cards that describe the infant's or child's attachment behavior, and in which scores fo security of attachment are assigned depending on the way cards are sorted

Self-concept

The attributes tha people believe characterize themselves

I-Self

The sense of self as an actor or agent of action

Me-Self

The sense of self as an object of knowledge

Child maltreatment

Physical, emothional, and sexual abuse, as well as neglect, of children

Neglect

Child maltreatment involving a caregiver's gailure to provide adequate food, clothing, shelter, supervision, or medical care; the most common form of child maltreatment in the United States today

Physical Abuse

Child maltreatment involving hitting, kicking, slapping, shaking, shooting, or other physical violence intended to cause harm; includes sexual abuse

Sexual abuse

Inappropriate exposure to sexual acts or materials, sexual contact, or forced sexual behavior of any kind

Emotional Abuse

A caregiver's demeaning, coercive or overly distant behavior that interferes with a child's normal development