Term
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Definition
Framework -bones & cartilage
*support soft tissues
*attachment for muscles
*protects internal organs
*stores minerals/fat
*some produce blood cells and red marrow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Bone Structure
COMPACT BONE |
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Definition
dense outer layer
Shaft of long bones (arms, legs) |
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Term
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Definition
Covers and nourishes bones
*contains blood vessels, nerves, cells for growth & repair
*Injury (bruise, sprain) generates pain |
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Term
Bone Structure
SPONGY BONE |
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Definition
*Latticework
*In small flat bones (skull)
*In Head & ends of shafts in long bones
*Adults-some filled with red marrow where blood cells form and long bone cavity filled w/ yellow marrow |
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Term
Bone Structure
YELLOW MARROW |
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Definition
Fatty Tissue for energy Storage
Found in long bones |
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Term
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Definition
Structural unit of compact bones
-osteocytes in concentric rings around central canal
-lies in lacunae
Tiny canals connect lacunae to central canal
*Nutrients/oxygen/waste from cell to cell to & from blood vessels of central canal |
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Term
Bone Living Tissue
SOLID MATRIX (in bone) |
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Definition
Hard due to calcium phosphorous salts
elastic protein collagen strands make it resilient |
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Term
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Definition
Embryonic Development-skeleton first formed of cartilage
3rd month thru prenatal development gradually replaced by bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Bone Formation
EMBRYO LONG & SHORT BONE |
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Definition
FETAL-2 MONTHS CARTLIAGE MODEL OF BONE
3 MONTHS OSTEOBLASTS FORM COLLAR 9 SPONGY BONE REPLACES CARTLIAGE IN SHAFT. BLOOD VESSELS CONTINUE FORMATION OF BONE |
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Term
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Definition
2 REGIONS REMAIN AT EACH END OF LONG BONE
1-cap that covers rubbing surfaces
2-growth plate aka epiphyseal plate
Important in children and adolescents |
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Term
Bone Formation
BIRTH & CHILDHOOD LONG & SHORT BONE |
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Definition
At birth spongy bone fills ends of bones
Childhood cartliage remains on in areas where bones rub |
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Term
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Definition
Growth Hormone-chldhood bone growth (promotes cell division)
Thyroid Hormone-helps skeleton grow in proper proportion
Sex Hormones-Prompt & stop growth spurt in puberty |
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Term
| Progress of a Healing Bone |
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Definition
Hours after break=blood clot
Fibroblast create cartlaginous Osteoblats turn callus to a bony callus
Bone heals to original through remodeling |
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Term
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Definition
Continuous
osteoblasts deposit new bone
Osteoclasts break down old bone
Repairs cracks & reg calcium levels
2 antagonistics hormones
Calcitonin & parathyroid hormone |
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Term
Bone Remodeling
Calcitonin |
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Definition
Released from thyroid Gland decreases calcium levels
Stimulates osteobalsts, inhibits osteoclasts
Calcium Moves from blood to bone |
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Term
Bone Remodeling
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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Definition
Released from parathyroid glands increases thyroid levels
Stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone
calcium moves from bone to blood |
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Term
Bone Remodeling
ESTROGEN IN WOMEN |
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Definition
Stiulates bone formation (osteoblasts)
Inhibits Breakdown of bone (osteoclasts) |
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Term
Bone Remodeling
OSTEOPOROSIS |
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Definition
| Bone is broken down faster than it is deposited |
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Term
Bone Remodeling
Response to stress on the bone |
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Definition
min 30 min 3x per week
Bone tissue is absorbed in the abscence of stress on the bone
(problems for astronauts with 0 gravity) |
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Term
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Definition
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular skeleton |
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Term
Axial Skeleton
Bones of Axial Skeleton |
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Definition
Protects and supports our internal organs
Cranial, Facial, Sternum, Ribcage, Vertebrae, intervertebral disks |
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Term
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton |
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Definition
Bones of pectoral girdle and upper appendages ( bones with muscle attachments for movement)
Clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna,carpals, metacarpals, phallanges, pelvic girdle. femur patella, tibia, fibula, trasals, metatarsals and phallanges |
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Term
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Definition
| Two divisions: cranium and face |
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Term
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Definition
| eight (sometimes more) flat bones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Connect the bones of the cranium Before and shortly after birth.
compressed during birth
rapid growth of the brain during the fetal period and infancy
Replaced by bone by 2 years of age |
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Term
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Definition
26 vertebrae
7 cervical (neck) vertebrae (C1–C7)
12 thoracic (chest) vertebrae (T1–T12)
5 lumbar (lower back) vertebrae (L1–L5)
1 sacrum (formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae)
1 coccyx (or tailbone, formed by fusion of four vertebrae) |
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Term
Vertebral Column
Intervetebral Disks |
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Definition
separate vertebrae from one another
Pads of fibrocartilage
Become compressed over the years and individuals become shorter as they age |
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Term
Vertebral Column
Slipped disk |
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Definition
a misnomer
disk that bulges,not moved out of place
bulges inward, = against spinal cord and interfere stimuli/muscle control
If a disk bulges outward,press against the sciatic nerve/cause inflammatory condition sciatica |
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Term
Vertebral Column
Scoliosis |
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Definition
Twisted disease”
Abnormal curvature of the spine
Cause is unknown
1.5 million adolescents, primarily females
Treatment may involve a brace or surgery |
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Term
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Definition
A = normal posture
B = kyphosis- shoulders roll forward
C = lordosis or swayback
D = scoliosis, a sideways curvature of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
12 pairs of ribs attach at the back of the rib cage to the thoracic vertebrae
Upper 10 pairs are attached by cartilage either directly or indirectly to the sternum
Last two pairs do not attach to the sternum and are called “floating ribs” |
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Term
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Definition
The appendicular skeleton allows movement and interaction with the environment
Components
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Limbs |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of: Scapulae, Clavicles
Function:Supports the arms |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of:
Two pelvic bones joined in front at the pubic symphysis
Function:
Supports the legs |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial |
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Term
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Definition
Held together by fibrous connective ti
Most do not permit movement
Example: the immovable joints between the skull bones in an adult (sutures) |
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Term
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Definition
Allow very little movement
Examples: between vertebrae, also where ribs attach to the sternum and in the pubic symphysi |
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Term
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Definition
freely movable most joints this type
surfaces that move past one another have a thin layer of cartilage
A thin capsule containing synovial fluid (a lubricant) surrounds these joints
The entire joint is reinforced with ligaments, which are straps of connective tissue that hold bones together and direct movement |
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Term
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Definition
Motion in all planes
Example: shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| flexion. extension. adduction, rotation, circumduction, supination, pronation |
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Term
Vertebral Column
Scoliosis |
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Definition
Twisted disease”
Abnormal curvature of the spine
Cause is unknown
1.5 million adolescents, primarily females
Treatment may involve a brace or surgery |
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Term
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Definition
A = normal posture
B = kyphosis- shoulders roll forward
C = lordosis or swayback
D = scoliosis, a sideways curvature of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
12 pairs of ribs attach at the back of the rib cage to the thoracic vertebrae
Upper 10 pairs are attached by cartilage either directly or indirectly to the sternum
Last two pairs do not attach to the sternum and are called “floating ribs” |
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Term
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Definition
The appendicular skeleton allows movement and interaction with the environment
Components
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Limbs |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of: Scapulae, Clavicles
Function:Supports the arms |
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Term
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Definition
Composed of:
Two pelvic bones joined in front at the pubic symphysis
Function:
Supports the legs |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial |
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Term
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Definition
Held together by fibrous connective ti
Most do not permit movement
Example: the immovable joints between the skull bones in an adult (sutures) |
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Term
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Definition
Allow very little movement
Examples: between vertebrae, also where ribs attach to the sternum and in the pubic symphysi |
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Term
|
Definition
freely movable most joints this type
surfaces that move past one another have a thin layer of cartilage
A thin capsule containing synovial fluid (a lubricant) surrounds these joints
The entire joint is reinforced with ligaments, which are straps of connective tissue that hold bones together and direct movement |
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Term
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Definition
Motion in all planes
Example: shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| flexion. extension. adduction, rotation, circumduction, supination, pronation |
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Term
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Definition
Injuries to ligaments
Range from slight (caused by overstretching) to serious (caused by tearing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the bursae (fluid-filled sacs that surround and cushion joints) |
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Term
Arthritis
Joint inflammation |
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Definition
Osteoarthritis
Degeneration of joint surfaces over time
Rheumatoid
Autoimmune condition marked by an inflammation of the synovial membrane
Damaged joint may need to be replaced with an artificial joint |
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