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Definition
| A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience. |
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| The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. |
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| Discovered Classical Conditioning. |
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| The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response. Discovered by Ivan Pavlov. |
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Unconditioned Stimulus
(UCS) |
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Definition
| The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning. |
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Unconditioned Response
(UCR) |
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Definition
| The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Conditioned Stimulus
(CS) |
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Definition
| A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response. |
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Conditioned Response
(CR) |
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Definition
| The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus. |
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| The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well. |
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| The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli. |
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Higher Order Conditioning
(Second-Order Conditioning) |
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Definition
| A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Extinction
(In classical conditioning) |
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Definition
| The gradual weakining and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior. In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. |
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Definition
| The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus. |
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| School of Psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasized the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning. |
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| An individual's psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug; also called the placebo effect. |
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| A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of the particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food. |
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| In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses. |
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| One of the first researchers to experimentally demonstrate the existence of taste aversions and other "exceptions" to the general laws of classical conditioning. Emphasized the importance of the evolutionary forced that shape the learning process. |
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| Taught by William James at Harvard. Constructed his famous Puzzle Boxes to study learning in cats. |
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| Made of wood slats and wire mesh. Constructed a total of 15 different puzzle boxed which vary in difficulty for a cat to escape from. |
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| Learning principle, proposed by Thorndike, that responses followed by a satisfying effect became strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to occur in a particular situation. |
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| Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operated on the environment to produce consequences. |
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| The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response. |
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| The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated. |
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| A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations. |
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| A situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations. |
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| A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities. |
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| A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer. |
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| The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behaviors being repeated. |
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| Punishment by Application |
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Definition
| A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment. |
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| A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called negative punishment. |
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| A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced. |
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| Operant Chamber or Skinner Box |
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Definition
| Th experimental apparatus invented by B.F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors. |
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| The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed. |
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| A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced. |
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| A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer. |
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Extinction
(In Operant Conditioning) |
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Definition
| The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. In Operant Conditioning, extinction occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer. |
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| Partial Reinforcement Effect |
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Definition
| The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement. |
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| Schedule of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses. |
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule
(FR) |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occurred. |
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Variable-Ratio Schedule
(VR) |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial. |
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
(FI) |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a present time interval has elapsed. |
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Variable-Interval Schedule
(VI) |
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Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial. |
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| The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors. |
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| Known for his openness to new ideas, energetic teaching style and playful sense of humor. Research demonstrated that cognitive processes are an important part of learning even in the rat. |
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| Tolman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment. |
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| A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior. |
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| The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response. |
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| Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others. |
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| A type of neuron that activates both when an action is performed and when the same action is perceived. |
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| Contends that most human behavior is acquired through observational learning rather than through trial and error or direct experience of the consequences of our actions. |
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