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| systematic relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience |
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| theory of learning that focuses soley on obserable behaviors |
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| associative, observational |
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| association btwn two stimuli and has two types of conditioning |
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| (REFLEX):automatic without prior learning. UCS, UCR, CS, CR. |
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| type of classical conditioning; learning of connection btwn the UCS and CS; two types are continguity and contingency |
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| UCS and CS close in time with each other |
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| CS is a reliable indicator of UCS |
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| stimulus similar to CS elicts response similar to CR; type of classical conditioning |
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| process of learning to respond only to some stimuli; type of classical conditioning |
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| weakening of CR when UCS is absent; type of classical conditioning |
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| recurrence of CR after time delay, without further conditioning; type of classical conditioning |
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| watson; explained classical conditioning in the sense of explaining and eliminating fears. |
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| to reverse conditioned fear |
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| systematic desensitization |
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| baby steps into getting over fears; type of classical conditioning |
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| type of classical conditioning; make you dispite bad actions/habits; (antabuse) |
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| type of associative learning; intrumental; explains voluntary behaviors; thorndikes law of effect; skinner box; shaping |
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| classical conditioning has what type of response? |
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| operant (instrumental) conditioning explains what type of behavior? |
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| Pigeons; consequences change probability of behavior; operant=behavior; consequences contingent on behavior |
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| operant conditioning; positive outcomes streghten behavior; negative outcomes weaken behavior |
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operant conditioning; controlled conditions to study operant conditioning;
operant (lever pressed by rat) -->consequence (food) |
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| operant conditioning; rewarding successive approximations of desired behaviors |
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| principles of reinforcement |
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| positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, primary reinforcers, secondary reinforcers, generalization, discrimination, extinction |
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| reinforcement increases or decreases probability of behavior? |
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| type of principle of reinforcement; presentation (ADDING) of something PLEASANT |
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| type of principle of reinforcement; removal (TAKING AWAY) of something UNPLEASANT |
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| type of principle of reinforcement; innatelly satisfying |
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| type of principle of reinforcers; acquires positive value through experience |
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| type of principle of reinforcement; performing reinforced behavior in different situations |
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| type of principle of reinforcement; responding to signal that behavior will (or will not) be reinforced |
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| type of principle of reinforcement; behavior no longer reinforced decreases in frequency |
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| schedules of reinforcement |
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| continuous reinforcement, partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
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| type of schedule of reinforcement; behavior is reinforced every time it occurs |
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| partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
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| type of schedule of reinforcement; reinforcer follows behavior only a portion of the time; greater resistance to extinction |
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| partial reinforcement schedules |
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| ratio (# of behaviors) vs. interval (time elapsed); fixed (predictable) vs. variable (unpredictable) |
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| ratio schedules of reinforcement |
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| fixed ratio, variable ratio |
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| tyep of ratio schedule; based on set # of behaviors |
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| type of ratio schedule; based on average (unpredictable) # of behaviors |
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| interval schedules of reinforcement |
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| fixed interval, variable interval |
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| type of inteval schedule; rewarding behavior after amount of time passes |
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| type of interval schedule; rewarding after variable amount of time passes |
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| punishment increases or decrease the likihood of behavior |
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| positive punishment, negative punishment |
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| presentation (ADDING) of something UNPLEASANT; ex) spanking |
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removal (TAKING AWAY) of something PLEASANT; ex) time out
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| applied behavior analysis |
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| also called behavior modication; use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior; all human behavior understood as being influenced by rewards and punishments. |
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| bandura's observational learning |
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| also called imitation or modeling; learning when behavior is observed and imitated; vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment |
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| types of observational learning |
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| attention, retention, motor reproduction, reinforcement or incentive conditions |
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| cognitive factors in learning are? |
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| purposive behavior, expectancy learning and information, latent learning, insight learning. |
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| discovered that behavior is goal directed, Purposive behavior |
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| insight learning: problem solving in which sudden insight, or understanding, occurs; thinking outside the box |
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| tolman; behavior is goal directed; type of cognitive factors in learning |
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| latent (implicit) learning |
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| type of cognitive factors in learning, tolman; unreinforced learning not immediatley reflected in behavior; the study was rats in a maze |
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| kohler; type of cognitive factors in learning; problem solving in which sudden insight, or understanding occurs; thinking outside the box |
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| the ape study was done by who? |
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| kohler; "stick problem" and "box problem" |
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| retention of info or experience over time |
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| types of memory processes |
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| encoding, storage, retrieval |
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| process by which info enters memory storage; some info enters automatically, other info requires effort |
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| type of memory encoding; first step to memory encoding; two types: selective attention and divided attention |
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| focusing specific aspects of experience while ignoring others |
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| mult tasking; less efficient than selective attention |
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| type of memory encoding; continuum from shallow to deep; deeper processing, better memory |
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| type of memory encoding; number of different connections made; evident in physical activity of brain; deep, elaborate processing in power |
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| attention, processing and elaboration, and mental imagery |
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| type of memory encoding; powerful encoding tool, verbal code, image code, and dual code hypothesis |
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| type of mental imagery; memory for pictures better than memory for words; pictures stored as both image codes and verbal code |
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| atkinson-shiffrin theory and working memory |
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| type of memory storage; sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory |
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| how info is retained over time, represented in memory |
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| type of atkinson-shiffrin theory which is part of memory storage; holds info in sensory form for an instant; echoic memory; iconic memory |
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| type of sensory memory; auditor sensory memory; retained for up to several seconds |
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| type of sensory memory; visual sensory memory; retained for only about 1/4 second |
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| type of atkinson-shriffin theory which is a type of memory storage; limited-capacity (7+-2 items) memory system; info retained for up to 30 seconds, without strategies to retain it longer |
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| what are the stratagies to retain info? |
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| chunking, rehearsal, mnemonic devices |
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| type of strategy to retain info; grouping info that exceeds the 7+-2 rule into higher order units --make info more manageable |
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| type of strategy to retain info; conscious repetition of info |
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| type of strategy to retain info; a memory tool to make memorization easier; short-term and long-term memory |
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| type of memory storage; baddeley; alternative approach to explaining short term memory; three party system to hold info temporarily |
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| what are the three parts system of working memory? |
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| phonological loop, visuospatial working memory, and central executive |
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| one of the three part system of working memory; briefly stores speech-based infomation |
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| visuospatial working memory |
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| one of the three part system of working memory; stores visual and spatial info |
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| one of the three part system of working memory; integrates information |
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| type of atkinson-striffin theory which is a type of memory storage; relatively permanent memory; stores huge amounts of info for long time; the two types of ltm are explicit and implicit memory |
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| type of long term memory which is part of the atkinson-striffin theory; conscious recollection of info that can be verbally communicated; types are episode memory and semantic memory |
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| type of explicit memory which is type of long term memory; autobiographical info; events |
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| type of explicit memory which is type of long term memory; facts, ideas, concepts; less important; automatic |
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| type of long term memory; three types are procedural memory, classical conditioning, priming; nonconscious recollection of skills and sensory perception |
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| type of implicit memory which is a type of long term memory; memories of procedures; step by step; ex) tie shoes, ride bike |
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| type of implicit memory which is a type of long term memory; steps before seeing whole pictures |
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| types of organization of memory |
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| schema, script, connectionism |
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| type of organization; preexisting mental concept or framework to organize and interpret infomation |
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| type of memory organization; schema for an event |
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| connectionism (parallel distibuted processing) |
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| type of memory organization; theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons |
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| type of memory location; memory located in specific sets or circuits of neurons; neurotransmitters play a role in forging connections; long-term potentiation |
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| simultaneous activation of neurons strengthens memory |
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brain structures with explicit memory?
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| hippocampus, temporal lobes, limbic system (Amygdala) |
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| brain structures for implicit memory? |
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| cerebellum, temporal lobes, hippocampus |
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| when info retained in memory come out of storage; one of the three memory processes |
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| part of memory retrieval; tendency to recall items at beginning and end of lists; there are 2 types of effects: primary(remembering items at beginning of list) and recency effect(remembering items at end of list) |
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| type of serial position effect which is part of memory retrieval; tendency to recall items at beginning and end of lists |
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| type of serial position effect which is part of memory retrieval; better recall for items at end of list |
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| the factors of memory retrieval are? |
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| retrieval cues and retrieval tasks |
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| factor of memoy retrieval; when you try to remember a name and you go through the alphabet to recall the name; trying to find a clue (CUE) to remember the memory |
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| factor of memory retrieval; the more detailed the memories are the harder it will be to remember it; they can be very detailed or barely detailed |
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| type of memory retrieval; memory task to retrieve previously learned info |
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| type of memory retrieval; memory task to identify, or recognize, learned items |
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| encoding specificity principle |
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| type of memory retrieval; the info present at time of learning tends to be effective as retrieval cue; ex) when you were at a party and you saw a drunk her dance out of her shoes. |
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| type of memory retrieval; remembering better when attempting to recall info in same context in which it was learned; ex) the girl that when asked a question on a test she would remember the exact place the teacher was standing when she learned it, and then remembered the answer. |
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| autobiographical memories |
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| special form of episodic memory(which is a part of explicit memory, which is a part of long term memory) containing recollections of own life experiences. there are three levels: life time periods (which is like remembering elementary school days), general events (which is like remembering when you were first deployed to iraq), event specific knowledge (remembering your 6th bday) |
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| type of memory retrieval; memory of emotionally significant events; often recalled with very vivid imagery; ex) remembering 9/11 |
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| memory for traumatic events |
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| type of memory retrieval; may contain inaccuracies or distortion in details |
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| type of memory retrieval; defense mechanism by which person traumatized by an event, forgets it and then forgets act of forgetting; may be special case of motivated forgetting |
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| may contain errors; typically memory for emotional events; focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy; lawyers dont normally like eyewitnesses |
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| ebbinghaus's forgetting curve |
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| graph stating that as the minutes pass the memories fade more and more. |
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| encoding failure and retrieval failure |
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| type of forgetting; not 'forgotten' but rather never encoded; info never entered into long term memory |
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| type of forgetting; forgotten information |
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| type of forgetting; forgetting b/c other info gets in the way of remembering. two types: proactive interference and retroactive interference |
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| type of interference; material learned earlier disrupts retrieval of material learned later |
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| type of interference; material learned later disrupts retrieval of material learned earlier. ex) Dance, Danse |
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| type of forgetting; neurochemical memory 'trace' disintergrates over time; cannot, alone, explain forgetting |
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| tip-of-tongue phenomenon(TOT) |
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| type of forgetting; type of effortful retrieval when confident of knowing something but unable to retrieve it from memory |
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| remembering info about future events; includes time(when) and content(what); two types:time-based prospective memory and event-based prospective memory |
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| time based prospective memory |
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| type of prospective memory; intention to engage in behavior after passage of time; ex) knowing you have errands to run in 35 min. |
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| event based prospective memory |
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| type of prospective memory; intention to engage in behavior when some external event or cue is elicts it; ex) knowing your going to a football game with your son, so you bring his mail for him. |
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| loss of memory; two types:anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia |
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| type of amnesia; memory disorder that affects retention of new info and events. ex) 50 first dates and the vow |
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| type of amnesia; memory loss for a segment of past, but not for new events; ex) the notebook |
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