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| non-carbon-based molecule |
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| organic molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms |
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| group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules |
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| small molecular unit that is the building block of a larger molecule |
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| long chain of small molecular units (monomers) |
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| Identify carbon skeletons and functional groups in organic molecules. |
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Definition
- Bonds with one or more other carbon atoms that produce an endless variety of carbon skeletons.
- Functional groups are groups of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules
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| Relate monomers and polymers. |
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Definition
- Cells link monomers together into a long chain called polymers
- Polymers are built from a collection of fewer than 50 kinds of monomers.
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| Describe the processes of building and breaking polymers. |
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- A polymer chain is built by taking out water.
- A polymer chain is broken by adding in water.[image][image]
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| organic compound made of sugar molecules |
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| sugar containing one sugar unit |
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| sugar containing two monosaccharide |
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| long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers |
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| polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers |
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| polysaccharide in animal cells that consists of many glucose monomers |
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| polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls |
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| Describe the basic structure and function of sugars. |
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Definition
Functions
- Main fuel supply for cellular work
- Stored energy
[image]
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Term
Name three polysaccharides and describe their functions.
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Definition
Starch
- Serve as sugar stockpiles
- When plants break down starch molecules, the stored glucose becomes available
Glycogen
- For animal cells only
- Store excess sugar in the form of a polysaccharide
- A chain of many glucose monomers
- Stored as granules in liver and muscle cells
- Breaks down these glycogen granules, releasing glucose
Cellulose
- Serve as building materials
- Protect cells and stiffen plant
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| one of a class of water-avoiding compounds |
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| organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids |
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| fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms |
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| fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty acid chain |
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Definition
| lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings |
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| steroid molecule present in the plasma membranes of animal cells |
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| Identify a general characteristic of lipids. |
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Definition
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| Describe the structure and function of fats. |
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Definition
Functions
- Storing energy
- Cushion your organs
- Provide your body insulation
[image]
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Term
Describe the structure and function of steroids.
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Definition
Functions
- The starting point from which your body produces other steroids
- Increased risk for cardiovascular (heart and blood vessel) disease
[image]
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| polymer constructed from a set of 20 amino acid monomers |
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| monomer that makes up proteins; contains carboxyl and amino functional groups |
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Definition
| chain of linked amino acids |
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Definition
| loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factors |
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| List functions of proteins. |
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Definition
- Responsible for almost all of the day-to-day functioning of organisms
- Form structures such as hair and fur
- Make up muscles
- Provide long-term nutrient storage
- Circulate in the blood
- Defend the body from harmful organisms
- Act as signals, conveying messages from one cell to another
- Controls the chemical reactions in a cell
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| Describe the structure of amino acids and proteins. |
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Definition
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| Describe factors that influence protein shape. |
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Definition
- One or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape
- The surrounding environment - An unfavorable change in temperature, pH, or soem other quality of the environment (Denaturation)
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| building block (monomer) of nucleic acid polymers |
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| molecule responsible for inheritance; nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose |
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| minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction |
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| agent that speeds up chemical reactions |
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| specialized protein that catalyzes the chemical reactions of a cell |
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Definition
| specific reactant acted on by an enzyme |
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| Explain how enzymes affect activation energy. |
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Definition
- Lowers activation energy by accepting two reactant molecule (substrates) into adjacent site
- Lowers activation energy by lowering the energy requirement barrier
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| Describe how an enzyme's shape is important to its function. |
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Definition
The shape of each enzyme fits the shape of only particular reactant molecules. |
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