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Definition
| people in the same place at same time who lack interaction – airline passengers, shoppers, drivers waiting at a traffic light |
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Term
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Definition
| collectivity with shared characteristic or status – students, elderly, Native Americans |
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Term
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Definition
collection of people who know and interact with one another and share identity
•symbolic interaction among
members
•recognition of group
membership (identity)
•consensus on shared values
and goals
•social structure – status, roles,
rules |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of meeting specific goals; relative permanence, formal structure, stratification, formal program |
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Term
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Definition
voluntary ones that people join for non-material reasons (pursue a common interest or gain prestige) |
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Term
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Definition
| – involuntary ones that separate people from the larger society; forced to join them |
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Term
| Utilitarian organizations |
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Definition
| ones people voluntarily join for practical, material reasons |
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Term
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Definition
| theoretical device to show characteristics as they would be in circumstances had not changed them |
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Term
Characteristics of ideal type: |
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Definition
•Division of labor with system of roles and specialization
•Hierarchy of supervision
•Work proceeds with records and files
•Everyone knows and follows rules
•Selection/promotion based on merit and tenure
•Workers receive training in their jobs
•Job is full time duty of every worker
•Impersonality – everyone should be treated the same without personal feelings
BUT doesn’t exist in reality – would be dehumanized if it did |
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Term
| Robert Michel’s Iron law of oligarchy |
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Definition
| – in large organizations power falls into the hands of a few by default – rank and file defer to those who have time and energy to keep power |
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Term
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Definition
| leads to bureaucratic enlargement and encourages incompetence |
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Term
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Definition
| goal or task oriented; most appropriate if underlying purpose is to complete a task or accomplish a goal |
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Term
| Expressive leadership-emotional support for members |
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Definition
appropriate when harmony, solidarity and high morale are needed |
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Term
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Definition
| make all major decisions and assign tasks to members (may foster inter-group hostility) |
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Term
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Definition
encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building (supportive behavior but indecisive in crisis) |
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Term
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Definition
| are only minimally involved in decision-making. They encourage group members to make their own decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with norms established by society or a group |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure toward group conformity was so great that participants were willing to contradict their best judgments. Studied visual perception in groups. Size of group and social cohesion influenced response to group pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| found people are willing to obey authority even if it would hurt another person. None of the subjects challenged the process of giving electric shock to determine if punishment improves a person’s memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which members of cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise; mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in cohesive in-group when the members’ striving for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action. |
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Term
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Definition
•those against which we measure
ourselves
–Influences a person’s
behaviorand
attitudes, regardless of whether
they are a member
–People tend to act more like
members of a group that they want
to join than like the members of
one
to which they already belong
(anticipatory socialization
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Term
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Definition
| those to which we belong and feel a sense of identity– may be divisive but supports members and reinforces identity |
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Term
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Definition
•those to which we don’t belong and
feel a sense of hostility towards
– exclusion may be painful or brutal or
competitive |
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Term
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Definition
| action depends on both members to exist; basic unit; fragile |
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Term
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Definition
| contain shifting coalitions; building blocks for larger structures |
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