Term
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Definition
| Proteins that can bind only specific ligands and they are linked to response systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell membrane which gives rise to rapid, short-lived responses that could be of drastic impact. Or hey could be in nucleus changing gene expression and leading to slow, sustained response. |
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Term
| Mechanisms that can bring about changes in the activity of the cell |
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Definition
| Transcription factors or supressors on genes, function as ion channels or enzymes, activate kinases or G proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| has affinity for receptor, binds to carry out effect |
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Term
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Definition
| bind to receptor to block effect, stop the agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| the strength with which a chemical messenger binds to its receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical messenger which will carry out action once bound to its receptor |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a receptor to bind only one type or a limited number of structurally related types of chemical messengers |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which receptors are occupied by messengers |
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Term
| Do all cells respond to the same chemical messenger the same way? |
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Definition
| No because the messenger 'turns on' a receptor and will carry out a certain effect based on the activity of that cell and what the response is to be carried out |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the total number of target cell receptors for a given messenger (chronic low extracellular concentration of messenger & exocytosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease in the total number of target cell receptors for a given messenger (chronic high extracellular concentration & endocytosis) |
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Term
| Mechanisms to control responses |
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Definition
| Binding to calmodulin changes shape, Bind to intermediary protein acts like calmodulin, Combine with and alter response proteins directly |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that enter or are generated in the cytoplasm as a result of receptor activation by the 1st messenger and serves as chemical relays from plasma membrane to biochemical machinery inside the cell |
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Term
| Examples of second messengers |
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Definition
| calcium, cyclic AMP, diacylglycerol (DAG), inositol triphosphate (IP3) |
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Term
| Ion that commonly serves as a second messenger |
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Definition
| Calcium- stimulation of cell to increase calcium by receptor activation |
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Term
| Mechanisms that control the intracellular appearance of calcium |
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Definition
| Plasma membrane calcium channels open in response to 1st messenger. Calcium is released from ER by second messenger or by an opening of voltage gated calcium channels |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication systems for the body that is rapid and brief. |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication systems of the body and is longer delays but is sustained. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical substance produced in the body that travels in blood and controls & regulates the activity of certain cells or organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical messenger that binds to autocrine receptors on the SAME type of cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Target cell affected is different than the chemical messenger. It effects nearby cells. |
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Term
| How do messengers which do NOT cross cell membranes cause changes in the activity of their target cells |
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Definition
| Act on proteins on cell membrane surfaces which trigger effects and carry out activity outside the cell. |
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Term
| How do messengers which do cross cell membranes cause changes in the activity of their target cells |
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Definition
| Make changes in nucleus, usually genetic alterations to carry out slow, sustained responses. |
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