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| A giant molecule formed by the joining o smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples |
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| A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together |
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| The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer |
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| A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usuallly water; also called a dehydration reaction |
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| A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule |
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| A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water |
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| A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharide) or polymers (polysacharides) |
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| The simplest carb, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH20 |
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| A double suger, consisting of two monosacchardies joined by dehydration synthesis |
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| A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
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| A polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions |
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| A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose |
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| An extensively branched glucose stroage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch |
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| A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomer joided by B-1,4-glycosidic linkages |
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| A structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods |
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| A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
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| A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Three linked to a glycerol form fat |
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| Three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
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| A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton |
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| A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon shell |
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| A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached |
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| A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids |
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| A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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| A chem agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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| A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
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| A 3D biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids |
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| An organic molecule possessing both caroxyl and amino groups. Serve as the monomers of proteins |
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| The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction |
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| Thelevel of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids |
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| The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages |
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Definition
| A delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid |
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| Two or more regions of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two paralle polypeptide backbones |
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| Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges |
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| A type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water |
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| A strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer |
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| The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteritic 3D arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide |
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| In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses it native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive |
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| A protein molecule that assists the proper folding of other proteins |
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| A technique that depends on the diffraction of an x-ray beam by the individual atoms of a molecule to study the 3D structure of a molecule |
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| A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA |
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| A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. |
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| Double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capagle of reicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins |
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| A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A, C, G, and U |
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| A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities |
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| The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group |
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| One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
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| One of two types on nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. adenine and guanine |
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| The sugar component of RNA |
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| The sugar component of DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA |
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| The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape |
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| The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape |
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| The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix |
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