Term
| What are structures common to all bacterial cells? |
|
Definition
| Cell membrane, cytoplasm and ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What are Ribosomes function? |
|
Definition
| Produce proteins. NOT AN ORGANELLE (DNA, RNA, protein) |
|
|
Term
| What are structures found in MOST bacterial cells? |
|
Definition
| Cell wall (very small #), Surface coating or glycocalyx |
|
|
Term
| What are structures found in SOME bacterial cells? |
|
Definition
| Flagella, pili, fimbriae, capsules, slime layers, inclusions, actin cytoskeleton, endospores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outershell/coating. Solid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal clusters of stuff for storage of nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| Why don't bacteria need an actin cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
| Because of their cell wall. |
|
|
Term
| How many genus of bacteria produce spore? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why aren't all of these structures in all bacteria? |
|
Definition
| If something is not useful, a bacteria will quickly evolve to get rid of it. |
|
|
Term
| Are appendages common in all species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do appendages provide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What else are appendages used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They exchange genetic material NOT sexually. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of a flagella? |
|
Definition
| Filament, hook (sheath), and basal body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A whip-like helical structure that generates movement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Holds the filament. Attached to the rod portion of the basal body. |
|
|
Term
| What is the basal body? What does it consist of? |
|
Definition
| The motor. A complex structure consisting of a rod, 4 rings and a motor contained within the cell envelope. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cell envelope? |
|
Definition
| The cell membrane + wall and everything collectively. Gel-like substance. |
|
|
Term
| What does activation of the motor cause? |
|
Definition
| The hook/filament to swivel. AKA movement. It rotates clockwise and counterclockwise. |
|
|
Term
| What does Monotrichous mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does lophotrichous mean? |
|
Definition
| Small bunches/tufts of flagella emerging from the SAME site. |
|
|
Term
| What does amphitrichous mean? |
|
Definition
| Flagella attached to BOTH ends/poles of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What does peritrichous mean? |
|
Definition
| Flagella dispersed randomly all over the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What does the flagella function in? |
|
Definition
| Chemotaxis - movement of the cell in response to a chemical signal. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of chemotaxis? |
|
Definition
Positive - towards.
Negative - away. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is movement achieved with flaggela? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Period of assessment" cell stops and reverses directions or spins in place. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Clockwise flagellar rotation starting Right. |
|
|
Term
| What are axial filaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are periplasmic filaments found? |
|
Definition
| A special group of bacteria known as Spirochetes AKA syphilis. |
|
|
Term
| What does a periplasmic filament consist of? Where is it located? |
|
Definition
| A filament and hook but the entire structure is located between the celll wall and membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What is the area between the cell wall and membrane known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a P.F. create movement? |
|
Definition
| Through twisting and flexing actions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elongated, rigid hollow structure |
|
|
Term
| On what type of bacteria is it sometimes found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Pili involved in? |
|
Definition
| Attachment, movement and conjugation. Exchange of genetic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small bristle-like fibers. Plaque on your teeth. |
|
|
Term
| What do Fimbriae tend to stick to? |
|
Definition
| Each other and to surfaces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sticky "sugar" coating. |
|
|
Term
| What does Glycocalyx develop as? |
|
Definition
| A coating of repeating polysaccharide units, protein or both. |
|
|
Term
| They differ among bacteria in ______, ______ and _______ ________. |
|
Definition
| Thickness, organization and chemical composition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A loose shield that protects some bacteria from loss of water or nutrients. Differs in thickness in different areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the glycocalyx is bound more tightly to the cell and is denser and thicker. Pneumonia. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Glycocalyx? |
|
Definition
1.)Protects the cell
-Formed by many pathogenic bacteria to protect bacteria against phagocytes
2.)Sometimes helps cell adhere to environment
-Biofilms (plaque)
3.)Helps prevent the loss of water or nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Does Glycocalyx function in regulation? |
|
Definition
| NO. That is the cell membrane's job! |
|
|
Term
| What are the basic 3 layers of the cell envelope? |
|
Definition
| The cell wall (inner), the cell membrane (outer) and in some bacteria the outer membrane (outermost) |
|
|
Term
| If a cell is Gram-Negative, does it have an outer membrane or no? |
|
Definition
| Yes, it has an outer membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What does a gram-positive cell possess? |
|
Definition
| A physically stronger membrane. Two layers - 1.)cell wall 2.)cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| What does a gram-negative cell possess? |
|
Definition
| A more durable/physiologically stronger membrane. 3 Layers - 1.)Outer membrane 2.)Cell Wall 3.)Cell Membrane |
|
|
Term
| The structure of the cell wall helps to determine the ______ of the bacterium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cell wall provide the cell with? |
|
Definition
| Strong structural support. |
|
|
Term
| Why are most cell walls rigid? |
|
Definition
| Peptidoglycan. All domain bacteria have this. |
|
|
Term
| The cell wall keeps the cell from ______ because of changes in pressure due to _______. |
|
Definition
| rupturing (lysis)/osmosis. |
|
|
Term
| The cell wall is the target of many antibiotics. T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the gram-positive wall thinner or thicker than negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a lot or a little room in between the cell wall and membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 molecules are commonly found in Gram-Positive cell walls? |
|
Definition
| Teichoic acid & Lipoteichoic acid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binds together layers or peptidoglycan. |
|
|
Term
| What is lipoteichoic acid? |
|
Definition
| Links the peptidoglycan layers to the lipid cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Gram-positive cells are ____ susceptible to lysis but ______ permeable than gram-negative bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram-Negative cell walls have a wide or narrow periplasmic space? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Similar to the cell membrane except it contains specialized polysaccharides and proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What is the innermost layer of Gram-Neg bacteria? |
|
Definition
| A phospholipid layer anchored by lipoproteins to the peptidoglycan layer below. |
|
|
Term
| What is the outermost layer of the LPS? |
|
Definition
| Contains lipopolysaccharide with two important components: Lipid A/O-Specific Polysaccharide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found within the bilayer, recognized by our immune systems. |
|
|
Term
| What is O-Specific Polysaccaride? |
|
Definition
| Found externally, used to identify certain strains/species of bacteria (E Coli) |
|
|
Term
| What does the outer membrane of Gram-Neg bacter serve as? |
|
Definition
| Partial chemical sieve. REGULATION. Only small molecules can penetrate. |
|
|
Term
| Gram-Neg bacteria are _____ permeable because of LPS but ____ susceptible to lysis than gram-pos bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cell membrane also known as? |
|
Definition
| The cytoplasmic membrane or plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What does the cell membrane primarily contain? |
|
Definition
| Phospholipids and proteins. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
1.)Provides site for functions
-energy rxn, nutrient processing,
synthesis.
2.)Regulates transport
-selectively permeable (main fxn)
3.)Secretion |
|
|
Term
| What are the contents of cell cytoplasm of Bacteria? |
|
Definition
| Gelatinous soultion, Chromatin body, Plasmids, Ribosomes, Inclusions, Actin Cytoskeleton. |
|
|
Term
| The gelatinous solution is the site for many biochemical and synthetic activities. T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gelatinous soultion is ____ - 80% water. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the chromatin body? |
|
Definition
| A collection of DNA. Single, circular strand of essential DNA. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the chromatin body? |
|
Definition
| The nucleoid. No membrane around it. A DENSE area of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are plasmids found? |
|
Definition
| Floating in cytoplasm or attached to chromatin body. |
|
|
Term
| What do plasmids often confer? |
|
Definition
| Protective traits (drug resistance or production of toxins/enzymes) |
|
|
Term
| Can plasmids be transferred to one bacterium to another? |
|
Definition
| Yes, thereby transferring traits it carries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Ribosomes made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Ribosomes characterized by? |
|
Definition
| S-units. The prokaryotic ribosome is 70S |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Storehouse for nutrients. Stored there when abundant, taken from there when depleted. |
|
|
Term
| Aquatic bacteria use inclusions to hold gas for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the actin cytoskeleton? |
|
Definition
| Long polymers of actin that contribute to cell shape. (not as much as cell wall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Produced by Bacillus, Clostridium and Sporosarcina. ALL GRAM POSITIVE RODS. |
|
|
Term
| How many life stages do these bacteria have? |
|
Definition
| 2. Vegetative & Endospore |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the Vegetative cell phase? |
|
Definition
| They are metabolically/actively growing. Can be induced by the environment to undergo spore formation AKA sporulation. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the Endospore phase? |
|
Definition
| Cell must be stimulated by the depletion of nutrients.(Temp/h20..) Process takes 6-8 hours (30-45 mins for bacteria) Vegetative cell changes to a sporangium. DNA is replicated. A septum forms dividing the cell unequally. The larger portion engulfs the smaller resulting in a FORESPORE. A thick peptidoglycan coat forms around forespore. Now is an endospore. |
|
|
Term
| The endospore remains dormant until the conidtions improve around it. There are some endospores as old as 250 million years old. T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is this process reversible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can Endospores withstand extremes in heat, drying freezing, radiation and chemicals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The breaking of Endospore dormancy. |
|
|
Term
| In the presence of _____ and a specific ________ agent, the spore will break down and a vegetative cell will develop rapidly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are most endospores harmless to human health? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one example of bacteria that depend on spores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three general shapes of bacteria? |
|
Definition
1.)Coccus - sphereical
2.)Bacillus - rod-shaped
3.)Spirillium - curviform/spiral |
|
|
Term
| What are the two subcategories of bacillus? |
|
Definition
Coccobaccilus - short and plump like football
Vibrio - gently curved like boomerang |
|
|
Term
| What does pleomorphism mean? |
|
Definition
| When cells of a single species vary to some extent in size and shape. Ex: e coli |
|
|
Term
| Which shape of bacteria has the most variety in arrangement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 arrangement possibilities of Cocci? |
|
Definition
1.)Singles- isolated. uncommon
2.)Pairs (diplococcic)- pneumonia
3.)Tetrads- group of 4 non-chain square
4.)Irregular clusters (staphylococci)- grape-like structure
5.)Chains (streptococci)- B.Sub
6.)Cubical packet (sarcina)- cube 3-d |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 arrangement possibilities of Bacillus? |
|
Definition
1.)Singles
2.)Pairs
3.)Chain
4.)Row of cells oriented side by side (Lincoln logs) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 arrangement possibilities of Spirilla? |
|
Definition
1.)Usually SINGLES
2.)Occasional Short Chain |
|
|
