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Chapter 4: Musculoskeletal System
Medical Terminology: A Living Language
270
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06/25/2012

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Term
ankyl/o
Definition
stiff joint
Term
arthr/o
Definition
joint
Term
articul/o
Definition
joint
Term
burs/o
Definition
sac
Term
carp/o
Definition
wrist
Term
cervic/o
Definition
neck
Term
chondr/o
Definition
cartilage
Term
clavicul/o
Definition
clavicle, collarbone
Term
coccyg/o
Definition
coccyx, tailbone
Term
cost/o
Definition
rib
Term
crani/o
Definition
skull, head
Term
femor/o
Definition
femur, thigh bone
Term
fibul/o
Definition
fibula, smaller outer bone of lower leg
Term
humer/o
Definition
humerus, upper arm bone
Term
ili/o
Definition
ilium, part of hipbone
Term
ischi/o
Definition
ischium, part of hipbone
Term
kyph/o
Definition
hump
Term
lamin/o
Definition
lamina, part of vertebra
Term
lord/o
Definition
swayback, curve
Term
lumb/o
Definition
loin, lower back
Term
mandibul/o
Definition
mandible, jawbone
Term
maxill/o
Definition
maxilla, upper jawbone
Term
metacarp/o
Definition
metacarpals, hand bones
Term
metatars/o
Definition
metatarsals, foot bones
Term
myel/o
Definition
bone marrow
Term
orth/o
Definition
straight
Term
oste/o
Definition
bone
Term
patell/o
Definition
patella, knee cap
Term
ped/o
Definition
foot
Term
pelv/o
Definition
pelvis
Term
phalang/o
Definition
phalanges, bones of fingers and toes
Term
pub/o
Definition
pubis, part of hipbone
Term
radi/o
Definition
radius, lower arm bone
Term
sacr/o
Definition
sacrum
Term
scapul/o
Definition
scapula, shoulder bone
Term
scoli/o
Definition
crooked, bent
Term
spondyl/o
Definition
vertebrae, backbone
Term
stern/o
Definition
sternum, breastbone
Term
synovi/o
Definition
synovial membrane
Term
tars/o
Definition
ankle
Term
thorac/o
Definition
chest
Term
tibi/o
Definition
tibia, inner bone of lower leg
Term
uln/o
Definition
ulna, lower arm bone
Term
vertebr/o
Definition
vertebra, backbone
Term
-blast
Definition
immature, embryonic
Term
-clasia
Definition
to surgically break
Term
-desia
Definition
stabilize, fuse
Term
-listhesis
Definition
slipping
Term
-malacia
Definition
softening
Term
-porosis
Definition
porous
Term
-scopy
Definition
procedure to visually examine
Term
-tome
Definition
instrument to cut
Term
head
Definition
a large ball-shaped end on a long bone
Term
neck
Definition
narrow area that separates the head from the body or shaft of the bone
Term
condyle
Definition
refers to a smooth rounded portion at the end of a bone
Term
epicondyle
Definition
a projection located above or on a condyle
Term
trochanter
Definition
the large rough process on the femur for the attachment of a muscle
Term
tubercle
Definition
a rough process that provides the attachment for tendons and muscles
Term
tuberosity
Definition
a rough process that provides the attachment of tendons and muscles
Term
sinus
Definition
a hollow cavity within a bone
Term
foramen
Definition
a smooth round opening for nerves and blood vessels
Term
fossa
Definition
consists of a shallow cavity or depression on the surface of a bone
Term
fissure
Definition
slit-type opening
Term
arthralgia
Definition
joint pain
Term
arthrocentesis
Definition
puncture to withdraw fluid from a joint
Term
arthroclasia
Definition
surgically breaking a joint
Term
arthrodesis
Definition
fusion of a joint
Term
arthritis
Definition
joint inflammation
Term
arthrotomy
Definition
incision into a joint
Term
arthroscopy
Definition
visual examination of inside a joint
Term
bursectomy
Definition
excision of a bursa
Term
bursitis
Definition
inflammation of a bursa
Term
bursolith
Definition
stone in a bursa
Term
chondrectomy
Definition
excision of cartilage
Term
chondromalacia
Definition
cartilage softening
Term
chondroplasty
Definition
surgical repair of cartilage
Term
intracranial
Definition
pertaining to the inside of the skull
Term
craniotomy
Definition
incision into the skull
Term
myeloma
Definition
bone marrow tumor
Term
osteocarcinoma
Definition
cancerous bone tumor
Term
osteochondroma
Definition
bone and cartilage tumor
Term
osteoclasia
Definition
to surgically break a bone
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
bone softening
Term
osteomyelitis
Definition
inflammation of bone and bone marrow
Term
osteotomy
Definition
incision into a bone
Term
osteopathy
Definition
bone disease
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
abnormal condition of porous bones
Term
osteotome
Definition
instrument to cut bone
Term
intervertebral
Definition
pertaining to between vertebrae
Term
callus
Definition
the mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during its healing
Term
crepitation
Definition
the noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together in conditions such as arthritis
Term
exostosis
Definition
a bone spur
Term
kyphosis
Definition
abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine; also known as hunchback or humpback
Term
lordosis
Definition
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine; also known as swayback
Term
orthopedics
Definition
branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system
Term
orthopedist
Definition
physician who specializes in treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system
Term
orthotics
Definition
a brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities
Term
podiatrist
Definition
specialist in treating disorders of the feet
Term
prosthesis
Definition
artificial device that is used as a substitute for a body part that is either congenitally missing or is absent as a result of accident or disease (for instance, an artificial leg or hip)
Term
prosthetist
Definition
person who fabricates and fits prostheses
Term
ankylosing spondylitis
Definition
inflammatory spinal condition that resembles rheumatoid arthritis; results in gradual stiffening and fusion of the vertebrae; more common in men than women
Term
bunion
Definition
inflammation of the bursa of the great toe
Term
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Definition
pain caused by compression of the nerve as it passes between the bones and ligaments of the wrist
Term
closed fracture
Definition
a fracture in which there is no open skin wound; also called a simple fracture
Term
Colles' fracture
Definition
a common type of wrist fracture
Term
comminuted fracture
Definition
fracture in which the bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into many small pieces or fragments
Term
compound fracture
Definition
fracture in which the skin has been broken through to the fracture; also called an open fracture
Term
dislocation
Definition
occurs when the bones in a joint are displaced from their normal alignment
Term
Ewing's sarcoma
Definition
malignant growth found in the shaft of long bones that spreads through the periosteum; removal is treatment of choice, because this tumor will metastasize or spread to other organs
Term
fracture (FX, Fx)
Definition
a broken bone
Term
gout
Definition
inflammation of the joints caused by excessive uric acid
Term
greenstick fracture
Definition
fracture in which there is an incomplete break; one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent; this type of fracture is commonly found in children due to their softer and more pliable bone structue
Term
herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP)
Definition
herniation or protrusion of an intervertebral disk; also called herniated disk; may require surgery
Term
impacted fracture
Definition
fracture in which bone fractures are pushed into each other
Term
myeloma
Definition
malignant tumor originating in the bone marrow
Term
oblique fracture
Definition
fracture at an angle to the bone
Term
open fracture
Definition
fracture in which the skin has been broken through to the fracture; also called a compound fracture
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
arthritis resulting in degeneration of the bones and joints, especially those bearing weight; results in bone rubbing against bone
Term
osteogenic sarcoma
Definition
the most common type of bone cancer; usually begins in osteocytes found at the ends of long bones
Term
osteomalacia
Definition
softening of the bones caused by a deficiency of calcium; it is thought that in children the cause is insufficient sunlight and vitamin D
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
decrease in bone mass that results in a thinning and weakening of the bone with resulting fractures; the bone becomes more porous, especially in the spine and pelvis
Term
Paget's disease
Definition
a fairly common metabolic disease of the bone from unknown causes; it usually attacks middle-aged and elderly people and is characterized by bone destruction and deformity
Term
pathologic fracture
Definition
fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone
Term
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Definition
chronic form of arthritis with inflammation of the joints, swelling, stiffness, pain, and changes in the cartilage tht can result in crippling deformities
Term
rickets
Definition
deficiency of calcium and vitamin D found in early childhood that results in bone deformities, especially bowed legs
Term
scoliosis
Definition
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Term
simple fracture
Definition
a fracture in which there is no open skin wound; also called a closed fracture
Term
spina bifida
Definition
a congenital anomaly that occurs when a vertebra fails to fully form around the spinal cord
Term
spinal stenosis
Definition
narrowing of the spinal canal causing pressure on the cord and nerves
Term
spiral fracture
Definition
fracture in which the fracture line spirals around the shaft of the bone; can be caused by a twisting injury and is often slower to heal than other types of fractures
Term
spondylolisthesis
Definition
the forward sliding of a lumbar vertebra over the vertebra below it
Term
spondylosis
Definition
a degenerative condition of the vertebral column
Term
strain
Definition
damage to the ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching, but no dislocation of the joint
Term
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Definition
chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue that causes injury to the joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, and nervous system; a characteristic butterfly rash or erythema may be present
Term
talipes
Definition
congenital deformity of the foot; also referred to as a clubfoot
Term
transverse fracture
Definition
complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone
Term
whiplash
Definition
injury to the bones in the cervical spine as a result of a sudden movement forward and backward of the head and neck; can occur as a result of a rear-end auto collision
Term
arthrography
Definition
visualization of a joint by radiographic study after injection of a contrast medium into the joint space
Term
arthroscopy
Definition
examination of the interior of a joint by entering the joint with an arthroscope; torn ligaments can be repaired while the patient is undergoing arthroscopy; the arthroscope contains a small television camera that allows the physician to view the interior of the joint on a monitor during the procedure
Term
bone scan
Definition
patient is given a radioactive dye and then scanning equipment is used to visualize bone; it is especially useful in observing progress of treatment for osteomyelitis and cancer metastases to the bone
Term
myelography
Definition
study of the spinal column after injecting opaque contrast material; particularly useful in identifying herniated nucleus pulposus
Term
photon absorptiometry
Definition
measurement of bone density using an instrument for the purpose of detecting osteoporosis
Term
amputation
Definition
partial or complete removal of a limb for a variety of reasons, including tumors, gangrene, intractable pain, crushing injury, or uncontrollable infection
Term
arthroscopic
Definition
use of an arthroscope to facilitate performing surgery on a joint
Term
bone graft
Definition
piece of bone taken from the patient that is used to take the place of a removed bone or a bony defect at another site
Term
bunionectomy
Definition
removal of the bursa at the joint of the great toe
Term
carpal tunnel release
Definition
surgical cutting of the ligament in the wrist to relieve nerve pressure caused by carpal tunnel syndrome, which can result from repetitive motion such as typing
Term
cast
Definition
application of a solid material to immobilize an extremity or portion of the body as a result of a fracture, dislocation, or severe injury; it is most often made of plaster of Paris
Term
diskectomy
Definition
removal of a herniated intervertebral disk
Term
laminectomy
Definition
removal of the vertebral posterior arch to correct severe back problems and pain caused by compression of a spinal nerve
Term
reduction
Definition
correcting a fracture by realigning the bone fragments; closed reduction is doing this manipulation without entering the body; open reduction is the process of making a surgical incision at the site of the fracture to do the reduction; this is commonly necessary when bony fragments need to be removed
Term
spinal fusion
Definition
surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae; this may be done for several reasons, including correction for a herniated disk
Term
total hip replacement (THR)
Definition
surgical reconstruction of a hip by implanting a prosthetic or artificial hip joint; also called total hip arthroplasty (THA)
Term
total knee replacement (TKR)
Definition
surgical reconstruction of a knee joint by implanting a prosthetic knee joint; also called total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
Term
bone reabsorption inhibitors
Definition
conditions that result in weak and fragile bones, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease, are improved by medications that reduce the reabsorption of bones
Term
calcium supplements and Vitamin D therapy
Definition
maintaining high blood levels of calcium in association with vitamin D helps maintain bone density and treats osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and rickets
Term
corticosteroids
Definition
a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that has very strong anti-inflammatory properties; it is particularly useful in treating rheumatoid arthritis
Term
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Definition
a large group of drugs including aspirin and ibuprofen that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis
Term
AE
Definition
above elbow
Term
AK
Definition
above knee
Term
BDT
Definition
bone density testing
Term
BE
Definition
below elbow
Term
BK
Definition
below knee
Term
C1, C2, etc.
Definition
first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, etc.
Term
CDH
Definition
congenital dislocation of the hip
Term
CTS
Definition
carpal tunnel syndrome
Term
DJD
Definition
degenerative joint disease
Term
FX, Fx
Definition
fracture
Term
HNP
Definition
herniated nucleus pulposus
Term
JRA
Definition
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
Term
L1, L2, etc.
Definition
first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, etc.
Term
LAT, lat
Definition
lateral
Term
LE
Definition
lower extremity
Term
LLE
Definition
left lower extremity
Term
LUE
Definition
left upper extremity
Term
NSAID
Definition
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Term
OA
Definition
osteoarthritis
Term
ORIF
Definition
open reduction-internal fixation
Term
Orth, ortho
Definition
orthopedics
Term
RA
Definition
rheumatoid arthritis
Term
RLE
Definition
right lower extremity
Term
RUE
Definition
right upper extremity
Term
SLE
Definition
systemic lupus erythematosus
Term
T1, T2, etc.
Definition
first thoracic vertebra, second thoracic vertebra, etc.
Term
THA
Definition
total hip arthroplasty
Term
THR
Definition
total hip replacement
Term
TKA
Definition
total knee arthroplasty
Term
TKR
Definition
total knee replacement
Term
TMJ
Definition
temporomandibular joint
Term
TX, Tx
Definition
traction, treatment
Term
UE
Definition
upper extremity
Term
fasci/o
Definition
fibrous band
Term
fibr/o
Definition
fibers
Term
leiomy/o
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
muscul/o
Definition
muscle
Term
my/o
Definition
muscle
Term
myocardi/o
Definition
heart muscle
Term
myos/o
Definition
muscle
Term
plant/o
Definition
sole of foot
Term
rhabdomy/o
Definition
skeletal muscle
Term
ten/o
Definition
tendon
Term
tend/o
Definition
tendon
Term
tendin/o
Definition
tendon
Term
-asthenia
Definition
weakness
Term
-kinesia
Definition
movement
Term
-trophy
Definition
development, nourishment
Term
ab-
Definition
away from
Term
ad-
Definition
toward
Term
circum-
Definition
around
Term
abduction
Definition
movement away form the midline of the body
Term
adduction
Definition
movement toward midline of the body
Term
flexion
Definition
act of bending or being bent
Term
extension
Definition
movement that brings limb into or toward a straight condition
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
backward bending, as of hand or foot
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
bending sole of foot; pointing toes downward
Term
eversion
Definition
turning outward
Term
inversion
Definition
turning inward
Term
pronation
Definition
to turn downward or backward as with the hand or foot
Term
supination
Definition
turning the palm or foot upward
Term
elevation
Definition
to raise a body part, as in shrugging the shoulders
Term
depression
Definition
a downward movement, as in dropping the shoulders
Term
circumduction
Definition
movement in a circular direction from a central point
Term
opposition
Definition
moving thumb away from palm; the ability to move the thumb into contact with the other fingers
Term
rotation
Definition
moving around a central axis
Term
fasciitis
Definition
inflammation of fascia
Term
fasciorrhaphy
Definition
suture fascia
Term
fasciotomy
Definition
incision into fascia
Term
leiomyofibroma
Definition
fibrous smooth muscle tumor
Term
leiomyoma
Definition
smooth muscle tumor
Term
electromyogram
Definition
record of muscle electricity
Term
myopathy
Definition
muscle disease
Term
myoplasty
Definition
surgical repair of muscle
Term
myorrhaphy
Definition
suture a muscle
Term
polymyositis
Definition
inflammation of many muscles
Term
rhabdomyolysis
Definition
skeletal muscle destruction
Term
rhabdomyoma
Definition
skeletal muscle tumor
Term
tenodynia
Definition
tendon pain
Term
tenomyopathy
Definition
disease of tendons and muscle
Term
tenorrhaphy
Definition
suture a tendon
Term
tendoplasty
Definition
surgical repair of tendon
Term
tendotomy
Definition
incision into tendon
Term
tendinitis
Definition
inflammation of tendon
Term
tendinous
Definition
pertaining to tendons
Term
bradykinesia
Definition
slow movement
Term
dyskinesia
Definition
difficult or painful movement
Term
hyperkinesia
Definition
excessive movement
Term
atrophy
Definition
lack of development
Term
dystrophy
Definition
difficult (poor) development
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
excessive development
Term
adhesion
Definition
scar tissue forming in the fascia surrounding a muscle, making it difficult to stretch the muscle
Term
contracture
Definition
an abnormal shortening of a muscle, making it difficult to stretch the muscle
Term
spasm
Definition
a sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction
Term
torticollis
Definition
severe neck spasms pulling the head to one side; commonly called wryneck or a crick in the neck
Term
fibromyalgia
Definition
a condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and soft tissue
Term
ganglion
Definition
cyst that forms on tendon sheath, usually on hand, wrist, or ankle
Term
lateral epicondylitis
Definition
inflammation of the muscle attachment to the lateral epicondyle of the elbow; often caused by strongly gripping; commonly called tennis elbow
Term
muscular dystrophy
Definition
inherited disease causing a progressive muscle degeneration, weakness, and atrophy
Term
pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy
Definition
one type of inherited dystrophy in which the muscle tissue is gradually replaced by fatty tissue, making the muscle look strong; also called Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Term
sprain
Definition
damage to the muscle and soft tissue due to overuse of overstretching
Term
creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
Definition
a muscle enzyme found in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle; blood levels become elevated in disorders such as hear attack, muscular dystrophy, and other skeletal muscle pathologies
Term
deep tendon reflexes
Definition
muscle contraction in response to a stretch caused by striking the muscle tendon with a reflex hammer; test used to determine if muscles are responding properly
Term
electromyography
Definition
study and record of the strength and quality of muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation
Term
muscle biopsy
Definition
removal of muscle tissue for pathological examination
Term
muscle relaxants
Definition
medication to relax skeletal muscles in order to reduce muscle spasms; also called antispasmodics
Term
CPK
Definition
creatine phosphokinase
Term
DTR
Definition
deep tendon reflex
Term
EMG
Definition
electromyogram
Term
IM
Definition
intramuscular
Term
MD
Definition
muscular dystrophy
Term
ROM
Definition
range of motion
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