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| -Nuclear membrane (envelope): |
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| -Creation of Insulin (RER): |
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Folded membrane
Doesn’t contain ribosomes
Synthesis of lipids with embedded enzymes
Examples:
*Testes and ovaries making steroid sex hormones
*Liver detoxifies with enzymes found in ER |
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Lipids in nerve cells accumulate
Fatal in early childhood |
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Large amounts of glycogen accumulate in liver and muscles
Fatal in early childhood |
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Plants only
Function as:
Large Lysosome
Water storage
Chemical and waste storage
Pigment storage (Flowers)
Toxin storage |
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-Two Compartments:
-Matrix: Second fluid compartment in the mitochondria
-Intermembrane Space: Fluid-filled compartment |
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Longer than cilia
Used for locomotion
-Examples:
Sperm cells
-Structure:
Microtubules wrapped in a cell membrane
9 pairs(doublets) wrapped around two dynein arms
Anchored into basal body |
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Animals (tissues)
Holds tissue cells together
Provides protection
Regulates behavior |
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Prokaryotes
Sticky outer coat
Surrounds cell wall
Protects cell surface |
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| Manufacturing Organelles: |
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Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Vacuoles |
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| Energy Processing Organelles: |
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| Support, Movement, and Communication Between Cells: |
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Cytoskeleton (cilia, flagella, centrioles)
Cell Walls
Extracellular Matrix
Cell Junctions |
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek- first to use microscope to see “animalcules” in rainwater
Robert Hooke- looked at cork= came up with term “cells” |
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| Compound Light Microscopes: |
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Passes light through a specimen
Lenses bend light to magnify
Maximum magnification- 1000x
Higher=diminish resolution |
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1950’s
Uses a beam of electrons
Potential to see atoms
Up to 2 nanometers (1 billionth of a meter)
Must be used in a vacuum chamber (everything is dead) |
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Used of cell surface that was coated with metal film
3-D images |
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Internal cell structure
Used to look at thin slices of cells that were stained with heavy metals |
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Most plants and animals= 10-100 micrometers
Biggest= bird and nerve cells
Surface area grows at a slower rate than volume
Size depends on surface area to volume ratio
-Need for oxygen
-Removal of waste |
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