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| this was the european name for the french and indian war: |
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| itinerant preachers, part of the evangelical movement, were not... |
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| devout catholics, strongly tied to rome and the pope |
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| the "middle ground" a neutral zone where multiple cultures interact without anyone having a clear advantage was nurtured when the ________ was limited by the proclamation of 1763, itself a direct result of the french and indian war. |
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| immigrants from _____ made up more than one-third of Pennsylvania's total population by 1766, and were at times mistakenly called the Pennsylvania Dutch |
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| ___________ and ____________ were the main reasons the spanish empire didn't expand strongly north of the Rio Grande |
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| Native American resistance; lack of precious metals |
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| ___________ was the first permanent european settlement in what would become the US |
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Coastal areas getting full, creation of backcountry further inland.
~800 miles, from Georgia to Pennsylvania.
Proclamation of 1763 limited this |
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| scottish presbyterians hated by both catholics and anglicans (taxed a lot)(scot-irish) |
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Began mass immigration to America around 1720. Many landed in Philadelphia.
~200,000 in ~50 years.
(settled in backcountry areas) |
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Ohio Valley experienced mass migrations as Native Indians were pushed westward by coastal expansion.
Small groups adopted into existing tribes.
Strong trade relations with whites continued.
Never sought absolute isolationism, but were more and more crowded out, controlled. |
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| -line of proclamation along appalachian mountains |
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Spanish settlements north of the Rio Grande violently resisted by Pueblo Indians (not white europeans, though those were who the Spanish initially worried about).
El Popé, an Indian prophet, led the “Pueblo Revolt” against the Spaniards in New Mexico.
Took over ten years to re-pacify area after El Popé’s rebellion.
Enough gold to justify the expense, hassle? |
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Spain settled St. Augustine (FL) in 1565, to cut off southward French/English colonialism. Colony never grew, though.
California was ridiculously far off, but Russian colonization sparked some interest.
Colonization of California was primarily through religious conversion.
Missions and presidios in San Diego, Monterey, San Francisco, Santa Barbara, to establish permanence. |
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Harsher environment, constant threat of Indian attacks.
Catholic missionaries prominent in colonization, not just material interests.
Most immigrants were soldiers. Whole-sale settlement of families didn’t catch on.
Mixed-race families became the norm as soldiers married. |
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| The American Enlightenment |
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The “Age of Reason.”
Philosophers/great thinkers behind the Enlightenment, an intellectual revolution.
Changed ideas on God, science, human nature. All the usual stuff great thinkers think about.
Reason and logic were gifts from God that let humans make sense of a confusing world, and learn the rules.
Optimistic outlook, compared to those that saw only original sin as something God gave us.
Deism: belief in a deity based on reason, rather than purely religious revelation or dogma. |
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ideas like "life liberty and the pursuit of happiness/property"--ideal government
-ideas about how life/human society worked |
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| Electricity, Franklin stove, bifocal glasses. |
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Religious tolerance.
“Conscience is the most sacred of all property.” |
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| Wrote “The Age of Reason,” “Common Sense,” “The American Crisis,” “The Rights of Man” |
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George Whitefield
Protestant revivals swept the country, wildly popular, especially with the common man.
Many New Englanders looked back at the first generation as visionaries and more pure, faithful…wanted to be like them.
George Whitefield was charismatic, passionate, inspiring.
Whitefield and the itinerant preachers he inspired drew rock-star crowds.
30,000 in Boston Common.
Crafty businessman, too. Used the printing press to spread word, arrange schedule, etc |
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Motivated by Whitefield, wandered from town to town to spread the good word.
Methodist “circuit riders” one example.
The crowds of these preachers called themselves “New Lights.”
Itinerant preachers and their message were particularly popular with slaves, and were sometimes the only formal sermons they received.
Overall message of the Great Awakening was optimistic, much like Enlightenment. |
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| Political Conflicts and Change |
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For the most part, “American” colonists wanted English political system.
Saw colonial assemblies as Parliament, viewed Governors as Kings, assumed they had all the unspoken, but traditional, protections of English law.
They were wrong.
Right to vote existed, but was seldom given the chance to be used. |
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Elected members.
Not very “democratic” in other ways, though.
Harsh against critics. No freedom of the press to stop them.
Often openly supporting their own interests, as well as those of their constituents.
Colonial assembles and crown-appointed governors didn’t get along well.
Legal system was still largely based on tradition, English common law. |
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-AKA Seven Years War
--Seven Years War: 1756-1763
---French and Indian War: 1754-1763
Last in a long string of colonial/imperial wars, stretching back decades.
Made famous by Last of the Mohicans--James Cooper |
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| English/colonies involved in French Indian War |
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Edward Braddock
George Washington
42,000 combined regulars and militias (at their peak)
Some friction, unclear chain of command at times.
Iroquois, Catawba, and Cherokee allies |
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| French/Indians involved in French Indian War: |
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Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
10,000 regular soldiers
8,000 colonial militia
2,200 Native Tribesmen
Abenaki
Mi’kmaq
Algonquin
Mohawk
Lenape
Ojibwa
Ottawa
Shawnee
Wyandot |
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Drill and discipline were absolutely vital.
Technological limitations of the time – not stupidity or simplicity -- meant warfare was very static, formal.
ex: Battle of Carillon- bloodiest battle in the war; military incompetence |
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The English had 18,000 men (and steady supply lines)
The French had 3,600 men (and food for nine days)
The French had entrenchments, abatis, and breastworks.
Handy against infantry, worthless against cannons.
Options:
Siege
Artillery Barrage
Flanking Attack
-Montcalm led from the front.
-Abercrombie did not.
Huge French victory. |
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| Imperial War, Colonial Results |
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Encouraged intercolonial cooperation, militarily.
Encouraged intercolonial solidarity, socially.
Benjamin Franklin’s “Albany Plan.” |
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Peace of Paris of 1763 signed, all sorts of land all over the world changed hands.
Proclamation of 1763, attempt to organize new land Great Britain had gained (and maintain that “middle ground”).
Great Britain gained Florida, most of “New France.”
Spain got Louisiana, territory west of the Mississippi River.
War was expensive for all involved, though. |
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