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| The kind of defense that is mediated by phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, the inflammatory response, and natural killer(NK) cells. It is present before exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth. |
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| The kind of defense that is mediated by B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). It exhibits specificity, memory, and self-nonself recognition. |
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| Long-lasting immunity conferred by the action of a person's B cels and T cells and the resulting B and T memory cells specific for a pathogen. Active immunity can develop as a result of natural infection of immunization. |
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| an acute, whole-body, life-threatening, allergic response |
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| A protein secreted by plasma cells that binds to a particular antigen and marks it for elimitnation; also calld immunoglobulin. All antibody molecules have the same Y-shaped structure. |
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| A macromolecule that elicits an immune response by lymphocytes. |
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| The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell. |
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| The general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to antigens, initiating acquired immune responses. |
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| A cell that ingests bacteria and viruses and destroys them, generating peptide fragments that are bound by class II MHC molecules and subsequently displayed on the cell surface to helper T cells. Macrophages, dendriitic cells, and B cells are the primary types of these cells. |
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| The changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suiced proteins in the cell destined to die. |
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| An immunological disorder in which the immne system turns against self. |
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| The antigen receptro on B cells: a Y-shaped, membrane-bound molecule consisting of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains linked by disulfide bridges and containing two antigen-binding sites. |
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| A type of lymphocyte that develops to maturity in the bone marrow. After encountering antigen, B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, the effector cells of humoral immunity. |
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| A surface protein, present on most helper T cells, that binds to class II MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell an the antigen-presenting cell. |
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| A surface protein, present on most cytotoxic cellsl, that binds to class I MHC molecules on target cells, enhancing the interaction between the T cell and the target cell. |
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| cell-mediated immune response |
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| The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend agains infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells. |
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| Any of about 50 different proteins, secreted by many cell types near a site of injury or infection, that help direct migration of white blood cells to an injury site and induces other changes central to inflammation. |
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| A collection of cell surface proteins encoded by a family of genes calle dthe major histocompatibility complex. Found on nearly all nucleated cells. |
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| A collection of cell surface proteins encoded by a family of genes called the major histocompatibility complex. These molecules are restricted to a few specialized cell types. (dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells) |
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| The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocutes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector and memory cells. |
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| A group of 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory respnse, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse pathogens. Activated in a cascade initiated by surface antigens on microorganisms or by antigen-antibody complexes. |
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| any group of proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells, that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system. |
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| A type of lymphocyte that , when activated, kills infected cells, cancer cells, and transplanted cells. |
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| an antigen-presenting cell, located mainly in lymphatic tissues and skin, that is particularly effieint in presenting antigens to naive helper T cells, thereby initiating a primary immune resposne |
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| a muscle cell or gland cell that performs the body's responses to stimuli; responds to signals from the brain or other processing center of the nervous system. |
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| A type of white blood cell with low phagocytic activity that is thought to play a role in defense against parasistic worms by releasing enzymes toxic to these invaders |
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| A type of white blood cell with low phagocytic activity that is thought to play a role in defense against parasistic worms by releasing enzymes toxic to these invaders |
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| graft versus host reaction |
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| an attack against a patient's body cells by lymphocytes recieved in a bone marrow transplant |
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| One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region which contributes to the antigen-binding stie, and a constant region. |
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| a type of repiratory pigment that uses copper as its oxygen-binding component. Hemocyanin is found in the hemolymph of arthropods and many molluscs. |
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| an iron-containing protein in red blood cellsthat reversibly binds oxygen |
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| a substance released by mast cells that cuases blood vessels to dialte and become more permeable during an inflammatory response. |
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| The branch of acquired immunity that inivolves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids. |
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| the process of generating a state of immunity by artificial means. A nonpathogenic version of a normally pahtogenic microbe is adminstere, including B and T cell responses and immunological memory. |
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| any of the class of proteins that function as antibodies. divided into five major classes that differ in their distribution in the body and antigen deisposal activities. |
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| a localized innate immune defesen triggered by phyical injury or infection of tissue in which changes to nearby small blood vessels enchance the inflitration of white blood cells, antimicrobial proteins, and clotting elements that aid in tissue repair and destruction of invading pathogens. |
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| A protein that has antiviral or immune regulatory functions |
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| one of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region. |
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| a type of white blood cell that mediates acquired immunity. Complete their development in the bone marrow are called B cells and those that mature in the thymus are called T cells |
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| a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the sytoplasm of eukaryotic cells |
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| an enzyme in sweat, tears, and saliva that attacks bacterial cell walls. |
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| Major Histocompatibility Complex |
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Definition
| a family of genes that encode a large set of cell surface proteins called MHC molecules. |
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| A vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger the inflammatory response. |
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| membrane attack complex (MAC) |
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| A molecular complex consisting of a set of complement proteins that forms a pore in the membrane of bacterial and transplanted cells, causing the cells to die by lysis. |
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| Any of a preparation of antibodies that have been produced by a single clone of cultured cells and thus are all specific for the same epitope. |
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| natural killer (NK) cells |
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| A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity. |
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| The most abundant type of white blood cell. These cells are phaocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days. |
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| Short-term immunity conferred by the administration of ready-made antibodeis or the transfer of maternal antibodies to a fetur or nursing infant. |
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| The antibody-secreting effector cell of humoral immunity; arises from antigen-stimulated B cells. |
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| The initial acquired immune reponse to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10 to 17 days. |
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| One of a group of modified fatty acids secreted by virutally all tissues and performing a wide variety of functions as local regulators. |
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| A protein antigen on the surface of red blood cells. Classified by habving this as positive and the lack of this protein as negative. |
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| secondary immune response |
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| The acquired immune respnse elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen. |
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| overwhelming systemic inflammatory response, characterized by very high fever and low blood pressure. |
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| A type of lymphocyte, including helper and cytotoxic, that develops to maturity in the thymus. Responsible for cell-mediated immunity. |
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| antigenic determinant, the small accessible protein of an antigen that a lymphocyte can bind tol |
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