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Definition
| ability of animals to regulate their interal temperature |
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| how animals maintain internal temperature w/ in a tolerable range |
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| how they regulate solute balance and the gain and loss of water |
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| how they get rid of the nitrogen-containing waste products of metabolism such as urea |
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A condition an animal can have; if it uses mechanisms of homeostasis to moderate internal change in the gace of external fluctuation
-expenditure of energy |
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| A characterization of an animal in regard to environmental variables |
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| Most energy and material budgets are interconnected w/ changes in the flux of one component affecting the exchanges of other components |
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| The rates of most enzyme-mediated reactions increase by a factor of 2-3 for every 10 degree celcius temperature increase. until the temp is high enough to begin to denature proteins |
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| the direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) btw molecules of objects in direct contact with each other |
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| transfer of heat by the movement of air or iquid past a surface |
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| the emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero |
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| removal of heat form the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas |
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| has such low metabolic rate that the amt of heat it generates it too small to have much effect on body temperature |
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| High metabolic rate, generates enought heat to keep its body substantially warmer than the environment |
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| an increase in the diamter of superficial blood vessels that results in elevated body flow in the skin |
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Definition
| Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial vessels |
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| Countercurrent heat exchanger |
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Definition
| helps trap heat in the body core and is important in reducing heat loss in many endotherms |
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| Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) |
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Definition
| The increased production of heat in some mammals by the action of certain hormones that cause mitochondria to increase their metbaolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP |
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| A special tissue in some mammals, located in the neck and btw the shoulders that is specialized for rapid heat production |
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| reduces the flow of heat and decreases the energy cost of keeping warm |
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| an animal that can adjust to a new range of environmental temperatures over a period of days or weeks; a physiological response |
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| special molecules in mammalian cells that respond to a marked increase in temperature and to other forms or severe stress suc as toxins, rapid pH changes and viral infections |
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| a protein that helps protect other proteins during heat stress found in plants, animals and microorganisms...protects the integrity of pre denaturated proteins |
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| a way that animals can save energy while avoiding difficult and dangerous conditions; a physiological state in which activity is low and matbolism decreases |
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| long-term torpor that evoloved as an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity...thermostat is turned down..arousals |
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| Summer torpor, also characterized by slow metabolim and inactivity that enables animals to survive lond period of high temperatures and scarce water sipplies (triggered by seasonal changes) |
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Definition
| seems to be adapted to their feeding patterns..bats feeding @ night than sleeping all day .. relatively small endotherms |
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Definition
| management of the body's water content and solute compostition...larely based on controlled movments of solutes btw internal fluids and the external environment |
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Definition
| a layer of layers of specialized epithelial cells that regulate solute movements (essential components of osmotic regulation and metabolic waste disposal) |
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Definition
| a form of nitrogen borken down by enzymes; small and very toxic molecule urea or uric acid-less toxic than it but require energy in the form of ATP to produc |
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Definition
| substance produced in the vertebrate liver by a metaboilic cycle that combines ammonia w/ carbon dioxide |
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Definition
| relatively nontoxic largely insoluble in water and can be excreted as a semisolid paste w/ very little water loss |
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Definition
| total solute concentration expressed as molarity or moles or solute per liter of solution |
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Definition
| which does not actively adjust its internal osmolarity...lices in stable water conditions |
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Definition
| an animal that must control its internal osmolarity b/c its body fluids are not isoomortic w/ the outside environment |
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| "narrow" animals that cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity (osmo conformers or regulators) |
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| can survive large fluctuations of external osmolarity (salmon) |
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Definition
| a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings |
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| internal opening that collects body fluids found in most annelids |
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| one outer distinct region of the kidney |
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| functional unit of the vertebrate kidney that consists of a single long tubule and a blass o fcapillaries called______ |
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| cup-shaped swelling that's formed by blond end of the tubule |
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| 1. PT here freely permeable to water by not to salt |
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Definition
| key role in regulation the k+ and NaCl con of the body flios by varying the amt of k+ that is secreted |
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Definition
| (80%) have reduced loops of Henle and are almost entirely confined to the renal cortex |
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| hace well-developed loops that extend deeply into the renal medulla (only mammals and birds) |
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Definition
| The capillaries converge as they leave th glomerulus form an_____ |
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Definition
| the vessel subdivides again into a 2nd network of capillaries ________ |
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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Definition
| important in regulating water balance |
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Term
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
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Definition
| specialized tissue that takes part in the second regulatoy mechanism, |
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Definition
| functions as a hormone, high bp and blood volume by constricting arterioles |
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Definition
| this hormone acts on the nephron's distal tubules making them reabsorb more sodium and water and increase bv and bp |
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| Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone sytem |
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Definition
| part of complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis |
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Definition
| protextive protein enzyme whihc digests the cell walls of many bacteria and thus destorys many bacteria |
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Definition
| the ingestion of invading organisms by certain types of white cells |
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| (60-70%) phagocytic cells |
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| the migration toward the source of a chemical attractant |
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| --> macrophages.. ever more effective defense (-5-9%) |
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Definition
| defense on large worms, discharge destructive enzymes from cytoplasmic granules |
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| Natural Killer Cells (NK) |
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Definition
| a nonspecific defernse that does not attack microorganisms directly;insted they destoy virus-infected body cells and potential cancerous cells |
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Definition
| released by cells if the body in reponse to tissue injury...produced by basophils and mast cells |
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Definition
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| secreted by blood vessel endothlial cells and monocytes also attract phagocytes to the area |
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| overwhelming systemic inflammatory response, high fever low bp most common cause of death in US critical care units |
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Term
Antimicrobial Proteins
2. Complement System |
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Definition
| a set of 20 serum proteins that carry out a cascade of steps leading to the lysis of microbes |
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Term
Antimicrobial Proteins
3. Interferons |
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Definition
| secreted by virus-infected cells |
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Definition
| foreign moleucle that elicits a specific response by lymphocytes on pathogen |
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Definition
| plasma membrane bound where b cells and T cells recognize specific antigens |
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Definition
| One clone, short-lived that combnat the same antigen; plasma |
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Definition
| long lived cells bearing receptors specific for the same antigen |
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Definition
| antigen driven cloning of lymphocytes |
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| Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) |
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Definition
| CSMP that are brought to the cell surface leukocyte antigens |
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Definition
| found on almost all nucleated cells |
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Definition
| restricted to a few specialized cell types including macrophages,B cells, activated T cells and the cells that make up the interor of thymus..rejects graft tissue |
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Definition
| An MHC molecule cradles a fragment of an intrecellular protien antigen in its hammock like groove carries it to the cell surface and "presents" it to an antigen receptor on a nearby T cell |
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Definition
| have antigen receptors that bind to protein fragments desplayed by the body's class I MHC molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| have receptors that bond to peptides displayed by the body's class II MHC molecules |
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| Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) |
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Definition
| ingest bacteria and bruises and then destroy |
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Definition
| Involves B cell activation and results from the production of antibodies that circulate in the blood plasma and lymph |
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Definition
| immunity to some infections could be passed along only if cells (T lymphocytes) were transferred Depends on the action of T cells |
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| ***The interaction btw an APC (class II in this case) and a Th is greatly enhaced by the presence of this; enhances the interaction, present on most helper T cells |
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Definition
| protein or peptides that stimulate other lymphocytes; secreted by activated helper T cells |
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Definition
| helps B cells that have contacted antigen differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells. Also helps cytotoxic T cells become active killers |
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Definition
| as a macrophage phagocytoses and prsents antigen, the macrophage is stimulated to secrete this cytokine in combination w/ the presented antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| T cell surface protein that enhances the interaction between the antigen presenting infected cell and a Tc (like Class II MHC and Cd4) |
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Definition
| a priotein that forms pores in the target cells membrane |
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Definition
| fragments that are presented MHC I molecules to Tc Cells |
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Definition
| antigens that evoke the B cell behavior where a B cell proliferates and differentiates into a cline of antibody-secreting plasma cells and a clone of memory B cells; they can stimulate antibody production only with help from Th cells; most proteins |
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Definition
| polysaccharides and proteins with many identical polypeptides --no memory cells are generated |
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Definition
| small, accessible portion of the antigen, antigenic determinant |
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Definition
| biggest; globular serum proteins that antibodies constitute |
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Term
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Definition
| identical, produced by such a culture are specific for the same epitpe of an antigen |
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Definition
| simplest; the antibody binds to and blocks the activyt of the antigen |
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Definition
| the bound antibodies enhance macrophage attachment to, and thus.... a couple |
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Term
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Definition
1. Classical pathway: triggered by antibodies important in humoral immune response
2. The alternative pathway is trigered by sunstances that are naturally present on many bacteria
Def: the activation of the complement system by antigen antibody complxes |
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Term
| Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) |
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Definition
| ultimately complement proteins generate it, forms a pore in the bacterial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies, complement and phagocytes function together in this pehnomenon |
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Definition
| depending on the response of the infected person's own immune system (memory cells) |
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| Immunization; Vaccination |
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Definition
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| Type A: A antigens ***Blood groyup antigens are polysaccharides, they induce T-independent response which elicit no memory cells |
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Definition
| A category of ertyrocyte antigen that generates antibodies of the IgG class |
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| Graft Versus Host Reaction |
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Definition
| An Attack against a patient's body cells by lymphocytes received in a bone marrow transplant |
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Definition
| life-threatening reaction to injected or ingested allergens |
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