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| set of tubes through which the blood moves through the body |
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muscular pump that uses metabolic energy to elevate hydrostatic pressure of blood.
Blood then flows down pressure gradient through blood vessels that later return blood to heart |
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| hydrostatic force that blood exerts against vessel wall |
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| circulatory system in which hemolymph fluid bathes tissues and organs directly and there's no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid |
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| mixture of blood and interstitial fluid |
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| spaces surrounding the organs of animal bodies with open circulatory systems |
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| closed circulatory systems |
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| blood is in vessels and is distinct from interstitial fluid |
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| closed circulatory system in humans & other vertebrates |
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| chambers of the heart that receive blood |
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| chambers of heart that pump blood out |
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| vessels that carry blood away from heart to organs throughout body |
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| vessel that convey blood between artery and capillary bed |
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| microscopic vessels with thin, porous walls |
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| networks of capillaries penetrating each tissue |
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| vessel that conveys blood between capillary bed and a vein |
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| movement of blood through the systemic circuit |
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| route of circulation that directs blood to skin and lungs |
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| branch of circulatory system that supplies all body organs and then returns oxygen-poor blood to right atrium through veins |
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| circulation scheme with separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, ensuring vigorous blood flow to all organs |
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| branch of circulatory system that supplies lungs |
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alternating contractions and relaxations of the heart
*one complete sequence of pumping and filling |
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| contraction phase of cardiac cycle |
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| relaxation phase of cardiac cycle |
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| volume of blood per minute that the left ventricle pumps into systemic circuit |
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| rate of contraction/number of beats per minute |
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| amount of blood pumped by left ventricle in each contraction |
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| atrioventricular (AV) valve |
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| valve in the heart between each atrium and ventricle that prevents backflow of blood when the ventricles contract |
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| valve located at the 2 exits of the heart, where aorta leaves left ventricle and pulmonary artery leaves right ventricle |
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| rhythmic stretching of arteries made by pressure of blood driven by powerful contractions of ventricles |
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| hissing sound that occurs when blood squirts backward through a leaky valve in the heart |
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sinoatrial (SA) node
AKA
pacemaker |
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| region of the heart that sets the rate/timing when all cardiac muscle cells contract |
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| type if heart in vertebrates in which pacemaker is made up of specialized muscle tissues and is located within heart itself |
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| arrangement where pacemakers of arthropod hearts come from motor nerves arising from outside of heart |
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| atrioventricular (AV) node |
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| region of specialized muscle tissue between right atrium and right ventricle where electrical impulses are delayed before spreading to the ventricles and causing them to contract |
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| electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) |
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| record of electrical impulses that travel through cardiac muscle during heart cycle |
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single layer of flattened cells that provides smooth surface that minimizes resistance to flow of blood
*lines lumen of all blood vessels |
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| blood pressure in arteries during contraction of ventricles |
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| impedance of blood flow by arterioles |
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| blood pressure that remains between heart contractions |
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| system of vessels and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system, that returns fluid, proteins, and cells to the blood |
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| colorless fluid, derived from interstitial fluid, in the lymphatic system of vertebrates |
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organ located along lymph vessel
*they filter lymph and attack viruses/bacteria |
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| the liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended |
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red blood cells
AKA
erythrocytes |
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| cells suspended in blood plasma that transport oxygen |
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white blood cells
AKA
leukocytes |
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| cells suspended in blood plasma, functioning in defense |
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| iron-containing protein that transports oxygen |
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| pluripotent - have potential to differentiate into any type of blood cell or into cells that produce platelets |
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| hormone secreted by kidney which stimulates production of erythrocytes |
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| inactive form of plasma protein that's converted to the active form fibrin, which aggregates into threads that make framework of blood clot |
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| activated form of blood-clotting protein fibrinogen, aggregates into threads that form fabric of the clot |
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disease characterized by excessive bleeding
*genetic mutation that affects clotting process |
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| clump of platelets and fibrin that blocks the flow of blood trough a blood vessel |
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| disorders of heart and blood vessels |
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low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
aka "bad choleserol" |
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| associated with deposition of cholesterol in arterial plaques, growths that develop on inner walls of arteries |
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high-density lipoproteins
aka "good cholesterol" |
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| reduce deposition of cholesterol |
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| cardiovascular disease in which growths called plaques develop in the inner walls of the arteries, narrowing their inner diameters |
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*high blood pressure -
promotes atherosclerosis and increases risk of heart attack/stroke |
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| death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from prolonged blockage of 1+ coronary arteries (vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to heart) |
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| death of nervous tissue in brain, resulting from rupture/blockage of arteries in the head |
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| uptake of molecular oxygen from environment and discharge of carbon dioxide to environment |
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| part of animal's body where gases are exchanged with surrounding environment |
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| outfoldings of body surface that are suspended in water |
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| process that increases flow of respirator medium over respiratory surface |
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opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates
ex: blood in gills flows in opp. direction in which water passes over gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss |
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| gas exchange system of branched, chitin-lined tubes that penetrate body and carry oxygen directly to cells in insects |
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| invaginated respiratory surface of terrestrial vertebrates, land snails, spiders that connects to atmosphere by narrow tubes |
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upper part of respiratory tract
voice box, containing vocal cords |
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pair of stringlike tissues in larynx
*air rushing past tensed vocal cords make them vibrate = sound! |
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| windpipe; portion of respiratory tube with C-shaped cartilagenous rings and passes from larynx to two bronchi |
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| pair of breathing tubes tat branch from the trachea into the lungs |
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| one of fine branches of bronchus that transport air to alveoli |
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| dead-end, multilobed air sacs that constitute gas exchange surface of lungs |
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| process involving alternate inhalation and exhalation of air that ventilates lungs |
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| positive pressure breathing |
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| breathing system in which air is forced into lungs |
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| negative pressure breathing |
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| breathing system in which air is pulled into lungs |
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| sheet of muscle that forms bottom wall of thoracic cavity in mammals; active in ventilating lungs |
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| volume of air an animal inhales and exhales with every breath |
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| maximum volume of air that a respirator system can inhale and exhale |
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| amount of air that remains in lungs after forcefully exhaling |
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sites of gas exchange in bird lungs
*allow air to flow past respiratory surface in just one direction |
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| breathing control centers |
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| brain center that directs activity of organs involved in breathing |
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| measure of concentration of 1 gas in a mixture of gases; |
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| protein that transports most of oxygen in blood |
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type of respiratory pigment that uses copper as oxygen-binding component
*hemocyanin is found in hemoymph of arthropods and molluscs |
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| lowering of attraction of hemoglobin for oxygen, caused by drop in pH; facilitates release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the vicinity of active tissues |
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