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| Hollow, fluid-filled ball. The 60-70 cells that exist by the fourth day after fertilization. |
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| Cells on the inside of the blastocyst that will become the new organism. |
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| The thin outer ring of cells of the blastocyst that will become the structures that provide protective covering and nourishment. |
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| Occurs between the seventh and ninth days. The blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining. |
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| A membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid. |
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| Helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the woman's movement. |
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| Protective membrane that surrounds the amnion, formed from the trophoblast. From which tiny fingerlike villi (blood vessels) emerge. |
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| Permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism and waste products to be carried away by bringing the mother's and the embryo's blood close together. |
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| First appears as a primitive body stalk and, during the course of pregnancy, grows to a length of 1-3 feet. Contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products. |
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| Period that lasts from implantation through the eight week of pregnancy. During these brief six weeks, the most rapid prenatal changes take place, as the groundwork is laid for all body structures and internal organs. |
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| The ectoderm folds over to form the spinal cord and at 3.5 weeks, the top swells to form the brain. |
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| The longest prenatal period, from the ninth week to the end of pregnancy. During this "growth and finishing" phase, the developing organism increases rapidly in size, especially from the ninth to the twentieth week. |
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| Prenatal development is sometimes divided into three equal time periods. |
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| A white, cheeselike substance that protects its skin from chapping during the long months spent bathing in the amniotic fluid. |
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| White, downy hair that appears over the entire body, helping the vernix stick to the skin. |
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| The point at which the baby can first survive, which occurs sometime between 22 and 26 weeks. |
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| Refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) |
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Definition
| A term that encompasses a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
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Definition
| Distinguished by (1) slow physical growth, (2) a pattern of three facial abnormalities [short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, a smooth or flattened philtrum, or indentation running from the bottom of the nose to the center of the upper lip], and (3) brain injury, evident in a small head and impairment in at least three areas of functioning like memory, language/communication, attention span/activity level, planning/reasoning, motor coordination, or social skills. |
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| Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (p-FAS) |
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Definition
| Characterized by (1) two of the three facial abnormalities of FAS and (2) brain injury, evident in at least three areas of impaired functioning. Mothers of children with p-FAS generally drank alcohol in smaller quantities, and children's defects vary with the timing and length of alcohol exposure. |
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| Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND) |
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Definition
| At least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical growth and absence of facial abnormalities. Prenatal alcohol exposure, though confirmed, is less pervasive than in FAS. |
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| Rh Factor Incompatibility |
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Definition
| When the mother is Rh-negative (lacks the Rh blood protein) and the father is Rh-positive ( has the protein), the baby may inherit the father's Rh-positive blood type. (Note: Rh-positive blood is dominant and Rh-negative blood is recessive, so the chances are good that a baby will be Rh-positive). If even a little of the fetus' Rh-positive blood crosses the placenta into the Rh-negative mother's bloodstream, she begins to form antibodies to the foreign Rh protein. If these enter the fetus' system, they destroy RBCs, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues. |
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