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| the ways in which people respond to one another |
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| the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships |
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| any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society, from the lowest to the highest position |
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| a status that is "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics |
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earned status through a person's efforts alone
ex. prison guard, straight A student |
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| a staus that dominates others and thereby deteines a person's general position within society |
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| a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status |
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| incompatible expectations arise from two or more social postions held by the same person |
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| the situation that occurs when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations |
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| any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis |
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| a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation |
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| a formal, inpersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding |
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| any group or category to which people feel they belong |
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| a group or category to which people feel they do not belong |
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| any group that individuals use as a standard in evaluating thenselves and their own behavior |
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| a series of social relationships that links a person directly to others, and through them, indirectly to still more people |
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| organized patterns of belief and behavior centered on basic social needs, such as replacing personnel and perserving order |
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| a collective consciousness that emphasizes group solidarity, characteristic of societies with minimal divison of labor |
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| a collective consciousness resting on the need a society's memers have for one another |
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| commuity that is typical of rural life |
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| an ideal type characteristic of modern urban life |
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| the process of change and development in human societies that results from the interplay of continuity, innovation, and selection |
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| hunting-and-gathering society |
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| first type of preindustrial society to emerge in human history in which people simply rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available |
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| community in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods , emerged about 12,000 years ago |
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| the last stage of preindustrial development where people are primarily making food. emerged 5,000 years ago |
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| a society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services |
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| societies whose economic systems are engaged primarily in the processing and control of information |
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| a technologically sophisticated that is preoccupied with consuer goods and media images |
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| a group designed for a special purpose and structured for maximum efficiency |
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| a component of formal organization in which rules and hierarchical ranking are used to achieve efficiency |
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| a construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated |
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| 5 ideal bureaucracy basic characteristics |
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Definition
(1) Division of Labor
(2) Hierarchy of Authority
(3) Written Rules and Regulations
(4) Impersonality
(5) Employment Based on Technical Qualifications |
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| workers become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problem |
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| every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence |
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classical theory
a.k.a. scientific management approach |
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| an approach to the study of formal organizations in which workers are viewed as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards |
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| an approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of peole, communication, and participation within a bureaucracy and tends to focus on informal groups |
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