Term
| Cells ____ to their environment to escape and protect themselves from injury. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 significant cellular adaptive changes? |
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Definition
- Atrophy
- Hypertrophy
- Hyperplasia
- Metaplasia
- Dysplasia
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Term
| ______ is the decrease/shrinkage in cell size. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the most common cellular adaptation in skeletal muscle, heart, secondary sex organs, and brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the increase in size of cells and organs. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the increase in number of cells; rate of cell division. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the reversible replacement of cell type by another. |
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Definition
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Term
___________ metaplasia occurs when columnar ciliated epithelia are replaced with stratified squamous epithelia.
-Leads to decrease mucous |
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Definition
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Term
Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells is termed ___________.
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Definition
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Term
| Dysplasia (not true adaptive process) is most common in ________ ________ and __________. |
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Definition
| Cervical Cancer/ Respiratory |
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Term
| Cellular injury results in the cells inability to maintain _________. |
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Definition
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Term
Extent of injury depends on:
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Definition
Type, State, and Adaptive process of cell
Type, Severity, and Duration of injurious stimuli. |
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Term
Examples of injurious stimulants?
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Definition
- Chemical Agents
- Hypoxia
- Free Radicals
- Infectious agents
- Genetic factors
- Mechanical factors
- Immunologic Reactions
- Nutritional Imbalances
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Term
| _______, or lack of suffcient oxygen, is the single most common cause of cellular injury. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common cause of hypoxia is________ (reduced blood supply). |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ (total lack of oxygen) is caused by sudden obstruction from embolus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Due to hypoxia, there is a ________(decrease/increase) in ATP, causing failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange. |
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Definition
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Term
| The increased ________ (due to hypoxia), activates enzyme systems, inflammation, degradation of DNA, loss of ATP, and leads to cellular death. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ injury results in tissue damage caused by return of blood supply after a period of ischemia. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ____ ______ is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms that has an unpaired electron. |
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Definition
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Term
Damaging effects of free radicals:
(there are 4) |
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Definition
- Lipid peroxidation
- Ion pumps/transport altered
- Alteration of DNA
- Damage mitochondria
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Term
_________ block synthesis or inactivates free radicals.
Examples: Vitamin E, C, albumin, transferrin |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ modify cellular destructive effects of free radicals. |
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Definition
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Term
- Hazardous to children (absorb better than adults)
- Problems with behavior, neurologic problems, kidney dysfunction, production of blood cells.
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Definition
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Term
- Odorless, colorless, undetectable gas.
- Binds with Hb, prevents binding of O2.
- Risk Factors: Smoke, pipes, cigars, gasoline, fire fighting.
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Definition
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Term
| ________ ______ ______, caused by prenatal alcohol exposure, includes growth retardation, cognitive impairment, and facial abnormalities |
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Definition
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Term
| Today, people are exposed to _______ from 3 major sources: fish consumption, dental amalgams, and vaccines. |
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Definition
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Term
| Social or Street drug manifested by cognitive and psychomotor impairment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Social or Street drug manifested by irritability, agressive behavior, anxiety, hallucinations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Social or Street drug manifested by euphoria, HTN, tachycardia, vasoconstriction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Social or Street drug manifested by tranquility, infections, septic embolism, pulmonary edema, or sudden death with overdose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Leading cause of death between ages 1-34? |
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Definition
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Term
| Injuries by _____ _____ are caused by the application of mechanical energy to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ________ (bruise) is bleeding into the skin or underlying tissues as a consequence of a blow that squeezes or crushes the soft tissues and ruptures blood vessels w/o breaking the skin. |
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Definition
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Term
| A collection of blood in soft tissue or an enclosed space also may be referred to as a ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| An _________ (scrape) results from removal of the superficial layers of the skin that was caused by friction between the skin and the injuring object. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _________ is a tear or rip resulting when the tensile strength of the skin or tissue is exceeded. |
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Definition
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Term
| A break in a bone is called a ________. |
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Definition
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Term
Cut that is longer than it is deep.
Straight or jagged; thin, narrrow, elliptic, gapping.
Significant external bleeding; minimal internal |
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Definition
| Incised Wound (Sharp force injury) |
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Term
Penetrating injury; deeper than it is long.
Clean, distinct; no crush injury.
Significant internal bleeding; minimal external. |
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Definition
| Stab Wound (Sharp force injury) |
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Term
Caused by object with sharp point; no sharp edges.
Ex: Stepping on nail
Deep wound, prone to infection. |
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Definition
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Term
Heavy, edged objects (axes, hatchets)
Combination of sharp and blunt force
Associated with crushing of wound edges/tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ injuries are caused by a failure of cells to receive or utilize oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Asphyxial injuries are grouped into what 4 categories? |
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Definition
- Suffocation
- Strangulation
- Chemicals
- Drowning
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Term
_________, or oxygen failing to reach the blood, can result from a lack of oxygen in the environment or blockage of the external airways.
Ex: Child trapped in refrigerator, choking, compressed chest/abdomen |
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Definition
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Term
__________ is caused by compression and closure of the blood vessels and air passages resulting from external pressure on the neck.
Ex: Hanging, Ligature, Manual |
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Definition
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Term
__________ _________ either prvent the delivery of oxygen to the tissues or block its utilization.
Ex: Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is an alteration of oxygen delivery to tissues resulting from breathing in of fluid, usually water. |
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Definition
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Term
Lead, Corbon Monoxide, and Ethanol can all result in cellular injury.
TRUE or FALSE |
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Definition
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Term
| What substance when combined with smoking, has shown to increase the risk for cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
Temperature Extreme
-Sodium imbalance, vasocontriction, increased blood viscosity, ischemia, infection, necrosis.
Ex: Frostbite |
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Definition
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Term
Temperature Extreme
-Excessive heat; varies in severity
Ex: burns, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common symptom of most infectious diseases is _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common cause of glycogen accumulation is _______ ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Yellow-brown color to cells undergoing atrophic changes (usually due to aging) is ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ accumulation has been found to prevent skin cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| Excessive storage of iron |
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Definition
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Term
Yellow-brown pigment from hemoglobin
Ex: bruising, hemorrhage |
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Definition
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Term
| Yellow-green pigment derived from hemoglobin is caused by ____ _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular self-digestion known as ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Fragmentation of the nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
______ necrosis
- Results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or hypoxia caused by chemical injury.
- Protein denaturation; albumin becomes firm.
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Definition
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Term
______ necrosis
- Results from ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain.
- Brain cells are affected because they are rich in the digestive hydrolytic enzymes and lipids and the brain contains little connective tissue.
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Definition
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Term
_________ necrosis
- Results from TB pulmonary infection.
- Combination of Liq. and Coag. necrosis.
- Tissues resemble clumoed cheese in that they are soft and granular.
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|
Definition
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Term
_________ necrosis
- Lipases break down triglycerides
- Free fatty acids released
- Tissue is hard, and chalk white.
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Definition
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Term
__________ necrosis
- Death from severe hypoxic injury
- Can be Dry or Wet
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Definition
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Term
| Programmed cellular death |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Muscle stiffening occurring within 6 hours after death. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reduction in body temperature is which postmortem change? |
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Definition
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Term
| Discoloration of tissue in dependent area is part of which postmortem change? |
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Definition
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