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Chapter 38
Animal structure and function
48
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/30/2010

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Term
Tissue
Definition
A group of similarly specialized cells associated to perform one or more functions

ex: pancreas has 2 functions
-digestion, sugar regulation
Term
What are the 4 main kinds of animal tissues?
Definition
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
A continuous layer(sheet) of cells covering a body surface, lining a body cavity

Function:
protection, absorption, secretion, sensation
Term
What is the structure of Connective Tissue
Definition
Relatively few cells separated by intercellular substance
-Fibers scattered throughout a matrix
Term
What are the 3 types of connective tissue intercellular fibers and what is their function?
Definition
Collagen fibers- cartilage
Elastic fibers-epiglottis
Reticular fibers-

Secrete the matrix
Term
Function of Connective Tissue
Definition
Joins other body tissues

supports body and organs

protects underlying organs
Term
What specialized cells are within connective tissue?
Definition
fibroblasts
macrophages
Term
Muscle Tissue
Definition
Consists of cells specialized to contract

Each cell is an elongated muscle fiber with many contractile units (myofibrils)
Term
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Definition
Striated
Smooth
Cardiac
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
Neurons
-elongated cells
-specialized for transmitting impulses

Glial Cells
-support and nourish neurons
-provide energy for neurons
Term
What are the epithelial cell shapes and tissue structures?
Definition
Shape:
-squamous
-cuboidal
-columnar
Structure:
-simple
-stratified
-pseudostratified
Term
Simple squamous epithelium
Definition
Location:
lines blood vessels and air sacs
Function:
permits exchange of materials by diffusion
Cells are flat and arranged as single layer
ex: Cheek cells
Term
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Definition
Location:
Linings of kidneys, gland ducts
Function:
Secretion and absorption
Single layer of cells, from side looks like a short cylinder some have microvilli
Term
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Definition
Location:
Linings of digestive and respiratory tract
Function:
Secretion(mucus), absorption, protection, movement of mucus
Often ciliated
Term
Stratified Squamous Epithelim
Definition
Location:
Skin, mouth/vaginal lining
Function:
Protection only

Forms outer layer of skin
Lines passageways into the body
Several layers of cells, outer layer constantly sloughed off and replaced from below
Term
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Definition
Location:
Some respiratory passages, ducts of many glands
Function:
Secretion, protection, movement of mucus

Lines passageways, protects underlying tissues
Term
Glands
Definition
Specialized epithelial tissue
Term
What are the 2 types of glands
Definition
Exocrine :
-secrete product through a duct onto exposed epithelial surface
-Goblet cells:
unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucus
Endocrine:
-release hormones into interstitial fluid/blood
Term
What are the 3 membranes
Definition
Epithelial:
-sheet of epithelial tissue
-layer of underlying connective tissue

Mucous:
-lines cavity that opens to outside

Serous:
-lines cavity that doesn't open to outside
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
Cells embedded in intercellular substance
-microscopic collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers(thin branched fibers)
-Scattered through a matrix (polysaccharide gel)
Term
Loose Connective Tissue
Definition
Consists of fibers running in various directions through a semifluid matrix

Flexible tissue forms a covering for nerves, blood vessels, and muscles
Term
Dense Connective Tissue
Definition
Stronger, less flexible than loose

Collagen fibers arranged in definite pattern

Forms:
-tendons(muscle-bone)
-ligaments(bone-bone)
Term
Elastic Connective Tissue
Definition
Consists of bundles of parallel elastic fibers

Location:
-lung tissue
-Walls of large arteries

Where things have to expand/change in pressure
Term
Reticular Connective Tissue
Definition
Consists of interlacing reticular fibers

Forms support framework for many organs

Keeps organs in place
Term
Adipose Tissue(Connective)
Definition
-Consists of fat cells

-Found with loose connective tissue in subcutaneous tissue

-cushion layer that stores unused energy
Term
Cartilage
Definition
Forms skeleton of vertebrates along with bone

Consists of chondrocytes:
-in lacunae(small cavities in hard matrix)
-nonvascular
Term
Bone
Definition
Forms skeletons of vertebrates along with cartilage

Osteocytes:
-secrete and maintain bone matrix
-vascular(blood vessels in Haversian Canal)
-stores Ca, P
-located in lacunae
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Osteoclasts:
Break down bone

Osteoblasts:
Build bone
Term
Blood and Lymph
Definition
Circulating tissues:
-fluid intercellular substances

Helps parts of an animal communicate with one another

Platelets, Plasma, Red/White Blood cells
Term
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Definition
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
Striated and Voluntary

Elongated cylindrical fibers with several nuclei

Skeletal muscles contract, move parts of the body
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
-Striated, Involuntary
-Elongated, branched, cylindrical fibers branch and fuse; one or 2 central nuclei
-Muscle contracts(heart pumps blood)
-Intercalated Discs
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition
-No striations, involuntary

-Elongated, spindle fibers with a single central nucleus

-moves body organs ex:
pushes food through digestive tract
Term
Neuron
Definition
Elongated Cell

Receives and transmits info

Synapse(space)
-junction between neurons
Term
What are the 2 components of a Neuron? What is their Function?
Definition
Dendrites:
-receive signals
-transmits signal TO other cell

Axons:
-transmits signals AWAY from cell to other neurons, muscles, glands
Term
Organ Systems
Definition
Tissues and organs working together

11 systems in mammals

Each system functions to maintain homeostasis
Term
11 Organ Systems
Definition
Cardiovascular
Digestive
Endocrine
Immune
Integumentary
Muscular
Nervous
Reproductive
Respiratory
Skeletal
Urinary
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Balanced internal environment
-steady state

homestatic mechanism
-control processes that maintain conditions
Term
Card 39 Front
Definition
Card Back
Term
Negative feedback system
Definition
Stressor causes deviation from set pt

Sensor detects change from set pt

sensor signals integrator which activates effectors(

normal condition is restored
Term
Positive feedback System
Definition
Deviation from steady state causes changes that intensify rather than reverse the changes
Term
Thermoregulation
Definition
Process of maintaining body temperature within certain limits despite changes in surrounding temp

Animals have different structural, behavioral, and physiological stragies
Term
Ectothermy
Definition
Body temp depends on temp of environment

Use behavioral strategies to adjust body temp.

ex:basking in sun
Term
Costs/Benefits of Ectothermy
Definition
Benefits:
Very little energy used to maintain metabolic rate
Can survive on less food

Cost:
Activity limited by daily and seasonal temp conditions
Term
Endothermy
Definition
Have homeostatic mechanisms that regulate body temp within a narrow range
Term
Cost/Benefits of endothermy
Definition
Benefits:
high metabolic rate(more energy available)
constant body temp allows higher rate of enzyme activity
active even in winter temps

Cost:
high energy cost
Term
Acclimatization
Definition
Process of adjustment to seasonal changes
Term
What is Torpor and what are the 2 types?
Definition
Torpor:
adaptive hypthermia(in small endotherms when surrounding temp drops)
Hibernation:
long-term torpor in response to winter cold
Estivation:
torpor due to lack of food or water during summer heat (usually water based animals)
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