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Chapter 3
Chapter 3 From Mader's Human Biology
51
Biology
Undergraduate 2
01/16/2012

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Term
actin filament
Definition
Cytoskeletal filaments of eukaryotic cells composed of the protein actin; also refers to the thin filaments of muscle cells.
Term
active site
Definition
Region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrate binds and where the reaction occurs.
Term
active transport
Definition
Use of a plasma membrane carrier protein and energy to move a substance into or out of a cell from lower to higher concentration.
Term
aerobic
Definition
Requiring oxygen.
Term
anaerobic
Definition
Growing or metabolizing in the absence of oxygen.
Term
cell theory
Definition
States that all organisms are made up of cells and cells only come from pre-existing cells.
Term
cellular respiration
Definition
Metabolic reactions that use the energy primarily from carbohydrates but also from fatty acid or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules.
Term
centrosome
Definition
Central microtubule organizing center of cells. In animal cells, it contains two centrioles.
Term
chromatin
Definition
Network of fine threads in the nucleus composed of DNA and proteins.
Term
chromosome
Definition
Chromatin condensed into a compact structure.
Term
cilium
Definition
Short, hairlike projection from the plasma membrane, occurring usually in large numbers.
Term
citric acid cycle
Definition
Cycle of reactions in mitochondria that begin with citric acid; it breaks down an acetyl group as CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are given off. AKA Krebs cycle.
Term
coenzyme
Definition
Nonprotein organic molecule that aids the action of the enzyme to which it is loosely bound.
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
Contents of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane that contains the organelles.
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
Internal framework of the cell, consisting of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments.
Term
diffusion
Definition
Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher to lower concentration; it requires no energy and stops when distribution is equal.
Term
electron transport chain
Definition
Passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bound carrier molecules from a higher to lower energy level; the energy released is used for ATP synthesis.
Term
endomembrane system
Definition
A collection of membraneous structures involved in transport within the cell.
Term
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition
System of membraneous saccades and channels in the cytoplasm, often with attached ribosomes.
Term
eukaryotic cell
Definition
Type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and membranous organelles.
Term
facilitated transport
Definition
Use of a plasma membrane carrier to move a substance into or out of a cell from higher or lower concentration; no energy required.
Term

fermentation

 

Definition
Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and end products, such as alcohol and lactate.
Term

flagellum

 

Definition
Slender, long extension that propels a cell through a fluid medium.
Term
fluid-mosaic model
Definition
Model for the plasma membrane based on the changing location and pattern of protein molecules in a fluid phospholipid bilayer.
Term
glycolysis
Definition
Anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP molecules.
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
Organelle, consisting of saccades and vesicles, that processes, packages, and distributes molecules about or from the cell.
Term
intermediate filament
Definition
Rope-like assemblies of fibrous polypeptides in the cytoskeleton that provide support and strength to cells; so called because they are intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules.
Term
lysosome
Definition
Membrane-found vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules.
Term
metabolism
Definition
All of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.
Term
microtubule
Definition
Small cylindrical structure that contains 13 rows of the protein tubulin around an empty central core; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
Term
mitochondrion
Definition
Membrane-bound organelle in which ATP molecules are produced in during the process of cellular respiration.
Term
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
Definition
Coenzyme that functions as a carrier of electrons and hydrogen ions, especially in cellular respiration.
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus and is connected to the endoplasmic reticulum; has pores that allow substances to pass between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Term
nuclear pore
Definition
Opening in the nuclear envelope that permits the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus.
Term
nucleolus
Definition
Dark-staining, spherical body in the nucleus that produces ribosomal subunits.
Term
nucleoplasm
Definition
Semifluid medium of the nucleus, containing chromatin.
Term
nucleus
Definition
Membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell.
Term
organelle
Definition
Small membranous structure in the cytoplasm having a specific structure and function.
Term
osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
Measure the tendency of water to move across a selectively permeable membrane; visible as an increase in liquid on the side of the membrane with higher solute concentration.
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
Process by which amoeboid-type cells engulf large substances, forming an intracellular vacuole.
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
Membrane surrounding the cytoplasm that consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; functions to regulate the entrance and exit of molecules from the cell.
Term
polyribosome
Definition
String of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis.
Term
product
Definition
Substance that forms as a result of a reaction.
Term
prokaryotic cell
Definition
Type of cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
Term
reactant
Definition
Substance that participates in a reaction.
Term
ribosome
Definition
RNA and protein in two subunits; site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
Term
selectively permeable
Definition
Having degrees of permeability.
Term
substrate
Definition
Reactant in a reaction controlled by an enzyme.
Term
tonicity
Definition
Osmolarity of a solution compared with that of a cell. If the solution is isotonic to the cell, there is no net movement of water; if the solution is hypotonic, the cell gains water; if the solution is hypertonic, the cell loses water.
Term
vesicle
Definition
Small, membrane-bound sac that stores substances within a cell.
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