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| are directly observable characteristics. |
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| blend of genetic information that influences all of our characteristics. |
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| rodlike structures which store and transmit genetic information, come in 23 matching pairs, and are made up of DNA. |
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| is a segment of DNA along the length of the chromosome. |
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| the process of a unique feature of DNA duplicating itself. |
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| 23 pair of chromosomes which determine sex. |
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| sex cells (sperm and ovum), formed through meiosis, and contain 23 chromosomes each. |
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| the process of gametes being formed through a cell division process, which halves the number of chromosomes normally in body cells. |
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| when sperm and ovum unite at fertilization. |
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| Why are men capable of reproducing at any point in their life, while a woman is not? |
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Definition
| Man's sperm is continuously being produced, while a woman can only produce a baby when she continually has her menstrual cycle. So not before puberty hits and not after menopause. |
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| 22 matching pairs of chromosomes which geneticists number from longest to shortest. |
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| Identical (monozygotic) twins |
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Definition
| the zygote starts to duplicate separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals, they have the same genetic makeup. |
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| Fraternal (dizygotic) twins |
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Definition
| the most common type of multiple birth, results from the release and fertilization of two ova. |
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Definition
| two forms of each gene occur at the same place on the chromosomes, one inherited from the mother and one from the father. |
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| the alleles from both parents are alike and display the inherited trait. |
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Definition
| the alleles differ and relationships between the alleles determine the phenotype. |
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| Dominant-recessive inheritance |
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Definition
| only one allele affects the child's characteristics (the dominant gene) and the second has no effect (recessive). |
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Definition
| a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA |
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Definition
| which takes place in the cells that give rise to gametes. |
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Definition
| normal body cells mutate, an event that can occur at any time of life. |
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| When do most chromosomal defects occur? |
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Definition
| During meiosis, when the ovum and sperm are formed. A chromosome pair does not separate properly, or part of a chromosome breaks off. |
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Definition
| results from a failure of the 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, so the new individual inherits three of these chromosomes rather than the normal two. |
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| is a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals. |
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| Who seeks genetic counseling? |
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Definition
1. Couples who have had difficulty bearing children.
2. Couples with a family history of inherited disorders.
3. Woman who is older than 35. |
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| correcting genetic abnormalities by delivering DNA carrying a functional gene to the cells. |
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| How are the 38 weeks of pregnancy divided? |
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Definition
1. the period of the zygote
2. the period of the embryo
3. the period of the fetus |
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(2 weeks):
- Fertilization
- Implantation
- Start of placenta |
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Definition
(6 weeks):
- Arms, legs, face, organs, and muscles all develop.
- Heart begins to beat.
- Most likely to miscarry during this period. |
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(30 weeks):
- Growth and finishing
- Longest period of the child. |
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Definition
| heartbeat can be heard and organs, muscles, and nervous system become organized. |
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Term
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Definition
| - vernix and lanugo are formed. |
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Definition
| permits food and oxygen to reach the developing organism and waste products to be carried away. |
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Term
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Definition
| the placenta connects to the developing organism, which first appears as a primitive body stalk and, during the course of pregnancy, grows to a length of 1 to feet. The umbilical cord contains one large vein that delivers blood loaded with nutrients and two arteries that remove waste products. |
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Term
| What are the three layers formed by the embryonic disk? |
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Definition
1. Ectoderm (nervous system)
2. Mesoderm (muscles, skeleton, and internal organs)
3. Endoderm (digestive, lungs, and glands) |
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Definition
| white substance covers the skin protecting it from chapping during the long months spent in the amniotic fluid. |
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Definition
| white, downy hair covers the entire body, helping the vernix stick to the skin. |
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Definition
| the point at which the baby can first survive and occurs some time between 22 and 26 weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.
- Zygote: teratogens rarely have an impact
- Embryonic: serious defects are most likely to occur
- Fetal: damage is usually minor |
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Term
| Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder |
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Definition
| a term that encompasses a range of physical, mental, and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
distinguished by:
1. slow physical growth
2. a pattern of three facial abnormalities (short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, and smooth philtrum)
3. brain injury |
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Term
| What are the three stages of childbirth? |
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Definition
1. Dilation and effacement of the cervix
2. Delivery of the baby
3. Birth of the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
to assess the baby's physical condition. There is a rating of 0, 1, or 2 on each of five characteristics is made at 1 and again at 5 minutes after birth.
- Apgar score of seven or better indicates that the infant is in good physical condition.
- score between 4 and 6, the baby requires assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs.
- if the score is 3 or below, the infant is in serious danger and requires emergency medical attention. |
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| How has childbirth changed in western nations? |
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Definition
1. Before the late 1800s, a family centered events.
2. Industrial revolution, birth moved from home to hospital and knowledge of it declined, an relatives no long participated.
3. 1950s and 1960s, a natural childbirth movement arose in Europe and spread to North America. |
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| Natural (prepared) childbirth |
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Definition
| consists of a group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth as rewarding an experience as possible. |
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Definition
| when infants are turned in such a way that the buttocks or feet would be delivered first. |
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| babies born three weeks or more before the end of a full 38-week pregnancy or who weigh less than 5 1/2 lbs. |
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Definition
| are those born several weeks or more before their due date, their weight may still be appropriate based on time spent in the uterus. |
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Definition
| are below their expected weight considering length of the pregnancy. |
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| Emmy Wener's likelihood of long-term difficulties increased if birth trauma was severe. |
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Definition
| is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities. |
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Term
| Gene-environment interaction |
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Definition
which means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment.
1. Shows that because each of us has a unique genetic makeup, we respond differently to the same environment.
2. Sometimes different gene-environment combos can make two children look the same. |
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Definition
| the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes. |
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Term
| Gene-environment correlation |
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Definition
our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed.
1. Passive correlation: child has no control over it.
2. Evocative: children evoke from others are influenced by the child's heredity.
3. Active: children actively seek environments to fit their genetic tendencies. |
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Definition
| means development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment. |
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Definition
| inadequate oxygen supply, which occurs from a failure to start breathing within a few minutes. |
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Definition
| the death rate during the first 28 days of life, the rates are low in the US. |
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