total dicrimination= past + currenct labor market

denial of opportunities and equal rights to indiv. and groups that results from the normal operations of a society

2.  institutional forms of discrimination are committed collectively against a group

3.  may be unconcious

IQ testing favors middle-class children

2.  entire criminal justice system--dominated by whites who find it difficult to understand poverty living

3.  hiring practices require several years of experience--only recently opened to minority groups

4.  many jobs often eliminate someone with felony on record or drug offense--reduces ppl of color

informal economy

irregular/underground economy

1.  transfers of money, good, or services that arent reported to govt.

2.  regular labor market operates according to principles of the conventional labor market.

3.  irregular economy--operates outside teh boundaries of teh regular economy--relates to job stability, wages, working conditions, and benefits

1.  minorites have been relegated to the informal economy

2.  informal economy offers few safeguards against fraud or malpractice

3.  few fringe benefits such as stability, wages, health insurance, pension

4.  promoting unfair and dangerous working conditions

5.  workers are ill prepared to enter regulr economy permanently

1.  minority groups have often been used as an elastic part of the labor force and relegated to the informal economy

2.  bc of past, workers aer unable to secure traditional employment

3.  many workers driven into such jobs as better paying jobs move far way or as globalization creates more international trade 

1.  widespread in the US

2. sometimes results from prejudices held by individuals, found in institutional discriminatoin and the presence of the informal economy

3.  quantifying discrimination is problematiic

4.  distribution of income as a measure of discrimination

refers to combination of two subordinate statuses, defined as experienced by women of color

2.  disparity in income between black women adn white men has remained unchanged for over 50 years

eliminating discrimination

voluntary associtions

2. governmental agencies and policies

no inherited wealth is element of the past

2.  less opportunity of blacks to accumulate assets

encompasses all a person's assets, land, stocks, other property

affirmative action

EXPLAINED

1.  has been viewed as an important tool for reducing institutional discrimination

2.  federal measures aimed at procedures tht deny equal opportunities, even if not intended to be overtly discriminatory

3.  lack of minority group or female employees may in itself represent unlawful exclusion

1. seniority rules--when applied to jobs historically held by white males
2. nepotism--based membership policies
3. restrictive employment leave policies
4. rules requiring only engilsh to be spoken at work
5. standardized academic tests or criteria
6. preferences shown by law and medical schools
7. credit policies of banks and lending institutions