Narrow leaved flowering plants (grasses,lilies, & palms)

LEAVES-parallel veins, flower in multiples of 3

STEM-complex arrangement w/random pattern,rare to be woody

ROOTS-fibrous roots composed of numerous thin roots,not as good nutrient storage

Broad-leaved flowering plants (soybeans, roses, sunflowers, maples) 

LEAVES-network of veins, flower in multiples of 4 or 5

STEM-simple pattern w/single ring, can get woody

ROOTS-single large deep root 4 primary nutrient storage

-take in co2, are photosynthetic

Blade-thin, flat structure attached to the stem by petiole

Petiole-stalk which holds the blade of the leaf

-Highway of plant (transport from root  to leaves), sometimes photosynthetic

-Holds and displays leaves to sun

2 Buds

Axillary: located where each leaf meets the stem, can develop into a new branch  if it becomes active

Apical:located at the  the tip of each branch, produces the cells for the upward and outward growth & development of that shoot.

Nodes 

& 

Internodes

-points of attachment of leaf to stem 

&

-stem regions between successive nodes

-plumbing or transport (in any direction) systems, all through stem

-Xylem:distributes water and mineral ions taken up by roots to all the cells

-Phloem: brings sugar either up or down to sites of utilization 

Dermal Tissue

-outer covering of the plant, its skin, plant defense system

-some secrete cuticle: a wax to create hydrophobic barrier to keep in water

Epidermis: single layer of cells or several layers and is a complex tissue that may include specialized cell types such as guard cells, which are photosynthetic

-Chloroplasts or other plastids

-vacuoles

-Cellulose:containing cell walls

Primary wall: cellulose & other polysaccharides 

Secondary Wall: one or more additional cellulosic layers

Middle Lamella: glue-like substance within cell plate

Lignin: makes walls strong (polysaccharides)

Suberin: Makes walls waterproof ( lipid)

-thin w/ big central vacuole

-only primary wall w/shared middle lamella, no secondary wall

-May be photosynthetic, dont have to be

-can store lipids

-gives rise to new cells: when a wound results in proliferation

Cell Types: Collenchyma

-supporting cells

-irregular primary wall, no secondary wall

-elongated

-supports leaf,petiole, non woody and growing organs 

-Thickened 2ndary cell walls for support

-Die after laying down their cell walls thus perform support when dead

Contain Fibers & Sclereids 

Fibers: tall and provide rigid support in wood and other parts of plant

Sclereids: egg shaped and pack together densely as a nuts shell 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^   &    -Dead @ maturity, always inside phloem

Tracheids: spindle shaped cells, cell contents disintegrate upon cell death, H20 and minerals move w/lil resistance by way of pits

Contain Vessel Elemnents:individual cells that form the water conducting system, must die n empty b4 they can transport water, have pits in their cell walls but are generally larger in diameter than tracheids, secrete lignin into 2ndary walls then partially break die leaving a hallow tube

V (down) -food from leaves to rest of plant, lack organelles

-living cells

Sieve Tubes: transport carbs and other materials from their sources to tissues that consume or store them

Contain plasmodesmata in walls & expand to form pores enhancing the connection between neighboring cells

Filled with phloem sap (H20, dissolved sugars, other solutes)

Meristems 

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Apical Meristems

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Shoot Apical Meristems

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Root apical meristems

-indefinitely young , ability to produce new cells forever

&

give rise to primary body plant, located at tips of roots and stems and in buds, all plant organs arise from apical meristems, shoot apical meristems: supply cells that extend stems & branches, allowing more leaves to form and photosynthesize, Root apical meristems supply cells the cells that extend roots, allowing the plant to forage for water and minerals

Primary Meristems

&

Lateral Meristems

Primary meristems = protoderm, ground meristem,  & procambium

Lateral meristems: give rise to 2ndary plant body

Vascular cambium: cylindrical tissue consisting majorly of elongated cells that divide frequently & supplies cells of 2ndary xylem and phloem

Cork Cambium: produces waxy walled cork cell and some bark cells

ROOT: root cap & quiescent center

Root Cap: protects the delicate growing region of the root as it pushes through the soil, cells are ofter damaged and must constantly be replaced

Quiescent center: divides cells and sends them to elongate and lengthen the root, after elongating the cells differentiate giving rise to various tissues in the mature root.

cell division-the source of all the cells of the root's primary tissues

cell elongation- where the newly formed cells are elongating and thus pushing the root farther into the soil

maturation zone-where the cells are differentiating, taking on specialized forms and functions aka water transport or mineral takeup

the tissue within which lateral roots arise and it 

can contribute to 2ndary growth by giving rise to lateral meristems that thicken the root

it's cells contain membrane transport proteins that export nutrient ions into the cells of the xylem

Pith

1. Protoderm: epidermis

2.Ground meristem:ground tissue,endodermis,cortex

3.Procambium:stele(vascular cylinder)

Palisade mesophyll: upper layers of elongated cells

Spongy mesophyll: lower layers of irregular cells

within mesophyll is a great deal of air space through which co2 can diffuse and be absorbed by photosynthesizing cells

Guard Cells: modiied epidermal cells, open n close stomata

Wood: annual rings and seasons

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heart wood

&

Sapwood

annual rings result from seasonal environmental conditions, in spring water is plentiful, tracheids or cell elements produced by vascular cambium tend to be large in diameter and thin walled, in winter water is less availabe, narrower cells w/thicker walls leading to darker wood and more dense wood (Heart wood) -older and darker which ceases to conduct water and minerals & (sapwood)-younger,lighter wood which is more porous & conducts h20 and minerals

Bark:

Cork & Phelloderm & Lenticels

Cork-tissue composed of cells within thick walls waterproofed with suberin

Phelloderm-cells to the inside as well as the outside of the cork cambium

lenticels-spongey region in the periderm of stems and roots that allow gas exchange