Term
| Identify the five sources of drugs |
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Definition
| Plants, animals, minerals, synthetic and DNA recombinant |
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Term
| Differentiate between the following: drug actions and drug effects, systemic effects and local effects, loading dose and maintenance dose, and toxic dose and lethal dose |
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Definition
- Drug Actions - Cellular changes
- Drug Effects - physiological change
- Systematic effects - Reaches widespread areas of the body
- Local effects - Limited to the area of the body where it is administered
- Loading dose - Initial high dose often maximum dose) used to quickly elevate the level of the drug in the blood (often followed by the series of lower maintenance doses)
- Maintenance dose - Dose required to keep the drug blood level at a steady state in order to maintain the desired effect
- Toxic dose - Amount of drug that will produce harmful side effects or symptoms of poisoning
- Lethal dose - Dose that cause death
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Term
| Define the following processes as they relate to the passage of drugs through the body and give conditions that may decrease the effectiveness of each: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion |
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Definition
- Absorption - Passage of a substance through a membrane into the blood stream e.g. mouth.(Contraindication - giving certain antibiotics after meas instead of on an empty stomach)
- Distribution - Circulatory system through capillaries and across cell membranes e.g. IV. (Contraindication - poor circulation)
- Metabolism - Physical and chemical alterations that a substance undergoes in the body e.g. liver. (Contraindication - damaged liver)
- Excretion - Eliminating waste products of drug metabolism from the body e.g. kidney, lungs, sweat glands or intestines. (Contraindication - renal damage or kidney failure)
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Term
| Define the following terms: selective distribution, toxicity, placebo, synergism, potentiation, and antagonism |
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Definition
- Selective distribution - An affinity or attraction, of a drug to a specific organ or cells. Ex. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone is used as a fertility drug and has a selective distribution to the ovaries
- Toxicity - A condition that results from exposure to either a poison or dangerous amount of a drug that is normally safe when given in a smaller amount
- Placebo - An inactive substance that resembles a medication although no drug is present
- Synergism - The action of two drugs working together in which one helps the other simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone
- Potentiation - The action of two drugs in which one prolongs or multiplies the effect of the other
- Antagonism - The opposing action of two drugs in which one decreases or cancels out the effect of the other
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Term
| List several variables that may affect the action of drugs |
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Definition
| Age, weight, gender and psychological state |
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Term
| Identify the fastest route of drug administration |
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Definition
| Intravenous is the fastest |
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Term
| Define the following undesirable drug effects: teratogenic effect, idiosyncrasy, tolerance, dependence, hypersensitivity, and anaphylactic reaction |
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Definition
- Teratogenic effect - Effect from maternal drug administration that causes the development of physical defect in a fetus
- Idiosyncrasy - Unique, unusual, and unexpected response to a drug
- Tolerance - Decreased response to a drug that develops after repeated doses are given
- Dependence - Acquired need for a drug that may produce psychological or physical symptoms of withdrawal when the drug is discontinued
- Hypersensitivity - Immune response (allergy) to a drug may be of varying degrees
- Anaphylactic reaction - Severe, possibly fatal, allergic (hypersensitivity) response
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Term
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Definition
| Unintended side effects from medications |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of a drug given for a particular therapeutic or desired effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Desirable or undesirable result |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological changes; absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Plant, mineral, animal, synthetic, and recombinant DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The range of drug levels in the blood that will give the desired effect without causing serious side effects |
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Term
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Definition
| Affect the speed and efficiency of drugs being processed by the body |
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