Term
| allergy (hypersensitivity) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| type I: allergic reactions |
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Definition
*IgE involved
*histamine and heparin released from previously sensitized Mast cells |
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Term
| signs and symptoms of type I: allergic reactions |
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Definition
*reexposure causes immediate inflammtion, pruritus (itching)
*hay fever (nasal allergy), asthma (bronchoconstriction) |
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Term
| hay fever (allergic rhinitis) |
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Definition
*type I hypersensitivity
*usually seasonal (often pollen or pollutant-related)
*signs and symptoms: frequent sneezing, nasal watery secretions, itching, red eyes (conjunctivitis), tears |
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Term
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Definition
*type I hypersensitivity
*different allergens
*occurs in the digestive tract mucosa
*s&s: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sometimes urticaria.
*involvement of pharyngeal mucosa causes airway obstruction (may require an emergency tracheotomy) |
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Term
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Definition
| hives-"skin rash": large, raised, hard massesl very itchy |
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Term
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Definition
*type I hypersensitivity
*chronic with a genetic component
*caused by diferent allergens
*infants and young kids get often
*rash on the skin of face, trunk, extremitis |
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Term
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Definition
type I hypersensitivity
*bronchocnstriction, wheezing, thich mucus, airway obstruction, etc. |
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Term
| atopic conditions of hypersentivity |
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Definition
ones that occur in the family...
hay fever, asthma, and eczema |
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Term
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Definition
*type I hypersensitivity
*systemic! sever allergy
- life-threatening
- causes a severe drop in BP (=shock)
- reaction occurs within minutes
- caused by: insect stings, shellfish, penicillin, local anesthetics, etc. |
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Term
| signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis: |
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Definition
*shock
*bronchial mucosal edema
*bronchoconstriction, bronchioloconstriction
*hypoxia lead to LOC
*cough
*dyspnea, fear and panic
*edema of the face, hands, mouth, and feet
*urticaria |
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Term
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Definition
*epi i/m immediately
*antihistamines, gludocorticoids
*desensitization treatment-long term |
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Term
| type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity |
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Definition
*the Ag (antigen) is on the cell (foreign or self)
*the ab (antibody) ae IgG; interact with the Ag (antigen)
*the cell is destroyed by complement or phagocytosis |
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Term
| type III (immune complex) hypersensitivity |
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Definition
* circulating antigen/antibodies complexes deposit in organs
*most commonly in blood vessel walls
*activate complement: necrosis and inflammation
i.e.:
-glomerulonephritis
-rheumatoid arthritis
-serum sickness (not common nowadays)
-arthus reaction ('farmer's lung') |
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Term
| type IV (cell-mediated or delayed) hypersensitivity |
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Definition
*delayed resonse by T-lymphocytes
*T-lymphocytes release lymphokines, etc.
*causes inflammation and destruction of antigen with the cell, on which the antigen is sitting.
i.e.:
-tuberculin (mantoux, ppd test)
-contact dermatitis (allergic skin rash). contact with cosmetics, dyes, soaps, metals, latex, plant toxins, etc.) |
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Term
| tissue an organ tansplant rejection |
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Definition
| type IV hypersensitivity reaction |
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Term
tissue and organ transplant rejection
type IV hypersensitivity reaction:
classification: |
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Definition
1. hyperacute
2. acute:
3. chronic ('late'): |
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Term
tissue and organ transplant rejection:
hyperacute: |
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Definition
| occurs immediately after transplatation. the blood vessels get obstructed, and blood supply goes down. |
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Term
tissue and organ transplant rejection:
acute: |
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Definition
| several weeks after the transplant surgery. the remaining 25% of the HLA (human leukocyte antigen) cause the reaction |
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Term
tissue and organ transplant rejection:
chronic: |
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Definition
| months to years. blood vessels degenerate. |
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Term
| in all cases immune systems tries to reject the non-self (foreign) transplanted protein. |
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Definition
graft-vs-host
host-vs-graft |
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Term
| treatment of tissue and organ transplant rejection: |
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Definition
*immunosuppressive therapy: cyclosporine, azathyoprine, glucocorticoids.
*antibodies to prevent opportunistic infection |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation when the immune system cells mistake own body cells for non-self, produce antibodies against them, attack and kill them, causing necrosis and inflammatory. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| examples of autoimmunity diseases |
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Definition
*SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus)
*hashimoto thyroiditis
*rheumatic fever
*myasthenia gravis
*scleroderma pigmentosum
*autoimmune hyperthyroidism (grave's disease) |
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Term
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Definition
*a chronic (multi) systemic autoimmune disorder
*named after a worlf markings-like rash ("butterfly rash")
*higher incidence in african-americans, asian, hispanic, andnative american populations
*etiology-not established |
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Term
autoimmunity:
types of SLE |
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Definition
*regular
*drug induced lupus
*discoid lupus |
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Term
autoimmunity:
SLE pathogenesis |
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Definition
*circulating antibody against: DNA, orther nuceic acids, platelets, erythroctes
*antinuclear antibodies (ANA)
*deposit in connective tissues, cause complemnt fixation, necrosis, and inflammation.
*the organs involved in the vasculitis are: kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, skin, joints, gi tract
the disease progresses and there is no cure. remissions and exacerbations until death. |
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Term
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Definition
*s&s of different organs involved, butterfly rash.
*laboratory confirmation (blood tests):
screening tests: ANAs (anti-DNA ab)
ESR high
LE cells (neutrophil with nuclear material) in the blood is a positive sign! |
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Term
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Definition
*steroid hormones (glucocorticoids): prednisone, etc. methotexate (Mtx)
*NSAIDs
*Quinines (hydroxychloroquine) in exacerbation - cause arrthymias
*avoiding sun exposure or exacerbating factors
*treatment of symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
*loss of immune system functions (partial or complete)
*weakening of the immune system leads to susceptibility to infections |
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Term
| primary cause of immune deficiency |
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Definition
| the immune system is initially faulty. congenital or genetic in nature. |
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Term
| secondary cause of immune deficiency |
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Definition
| acquired as result of something else weakening immune system |
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Term
| examples of primary immunodeficiency: |
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Definition
*x-linked hypogammaglobulinemia
(diGeorge syndrome (thymus hypoplasia) (under developed thymus) |
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Term
| examples of secondary immunodeficiency: |
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Definition
*infection
* hiv (causes aids)
*splenectomy
*liver disease
*immunosuppressant treatment
*radiation or chemotherapy
*severe stress
*alcoholism
*diabetes mellitus |
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Term
immune deficiency effects:
opportunistic infection: |
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Definition
*fungal infection
*pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (common cause of death in AIDs patients)
*viral infetion (leading to sarcoma kaposi) |
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Term
immune deficiency effects:
opportunistic infection: |
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Definition
*fungal infection
*pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (common cause of death in AIDs patients)
*viral infetion (leading to sarcoma kaposi) |
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Term
| immune deficiency effects: |
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Definition
*increased incidence of cancer
*increased probability of regular infections |
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Term
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Definition
*acquied immune deficiency syndrome
*caused by HIV retrovirus attacking T-lymphocytes and macrophages
*long latent period (hiv-positivity) could last for many years.
*active stage with sign and symptoms
*during the acie stage opporunisity infection occurs (such as PCP, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)
*death occurs from the secondary infection |
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