Details Title: Chapter 3 Description: N.a Total Flash Cards: 60 Created: 02/11/2009 16:58:07		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Management Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Alaska Gold Mine Definition fundamental differences in values can explain why reasonable people reasonably differ in their fundamental choices. Term Motivation Definition The psychological forces that determine the direction of a person’s behavior in an organization, a person’s level of effort, and a person’s level of persistence explains why people behave certain ways Term Direction Definition possible behaviors the individual could engage in Term Effort Definition how hard the individual will work Term Persistence Definition whether the individual will keep trying or give up Term Intrinsically Motivated Behavior Definition Behavior that is performed for its own sake(i.e., things one likes to do, things that are inherent and consistent with one’s values and culture. One may enjoy engaging in the behavior or value the sense of accomplishment) Term Extrinsically Motivated Behavior Definition Behavior that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment Term Nature of Motivation depends on Definition (1) workers own personal characteristics (2) the nature of their jobs (3) the nature of the organization Term Outcome Definition Anything a person gets from a job or an organization Pay, job security, autonomy, accomplishment Term Input Definition Anything a person contributes to his or her job or organization Time, effort, skills, knowledge, work behaviors Term Performance Definition Contributes to organizational efficiency, organizational effectiveness and the attainment of organizational goals Term Expectancy Theory Definition Motivation will be high when workers believe: High levels of effort will lead to high performance High performance will lead to the attainment of desired outcomes Term Major Factors of Motivation Definition Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valance Term Expectancy Definition the belief that effort (input) will result in a certain level of performance Employees will work work hard if they believe they can attain high performance—organizations must provide the resources that support performance. Term Instrumentality Definition the belief that performance results in the attainment of outcomes Workers are only motivated if they think performance leads to an outcome—managers must link performance to outcomes. Ie pay, job security Term Valence Definition how desirable each of the available outcomes from the job is to a person Workers have preferences for outcomes—managers must determine which outcomes are valued. Term Need Definition A requirement or necessity for survival and well-being Term Need Theories Definition Theories of motivation that focus on what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what outcomes will satisfy those needs Basis premise is that people are motivated to obtain outcomes at work to satisfy their needs Term Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Definition Physiological, Saftey, Belongingness, Esteem, Self-actualization shows that people try to satisfy different needs at work Term Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory Definition Focuses on outcomes that lead to higher motivation and job satisfaction, and those outcomes that can prevent dissatisfaction Distinguishes between motivator needs (related to the nature of the work itself) and hygiene needs (related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed) and proposes that motivator needs must be met for motivation and job satisfaction to be high. Term Motivator needs Definition relate to the nature of the work itself and how challenging it is Not satisfied to satisfied intrinsic motivation Term Hygiene needs Definition are related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed dissatisfied to not dissatisfied extrinsic motivation Term McClelland’s Needs for Achievement, Affiliation, and Power Definition Term Need for Achievement Definition A strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and meet personal standards for excellence Term Need for Affiliation Definition Extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having the people around him get along with each other Term Need for Power Definition Extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others Term Equity Theory Definition Focuses on people’s perceptions of the fairness (or lack of fairness) of their work outcomes in proportion to their work inputs in relative, not absolute, terms Term Equity Definition Justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled Term Inequity Definition Lack of fairness Term Equity Theory: Choice of Referent Definition Past, Present, Future Self, other, Composite Term Restoring Equity Definition In underpayment, workers may reduce input levels to correct (rebalance) the ratio or seek a raise In overpayment, workers may change the referent person and readjust their ratio perception If inequity persists, workers will often choose to leave the organization Term Goal Setting Theory Definition Focuses on identifying the types of goals that are effective in producing high levels of motivation and explaining why goals have these effects Term Goal setting theory comparison Definition Similar to expectancy theory and equity theory because they focus on motivating workers to input, but focus on high performance and achievement of goals Term Goals Definition what people try to accomplish with their efforts and behaviors) must be specific and difficult Term Other factors in goal setting Definition Participation in goal setting Clarification Feedback Term Learning Theories Definition Theories that focus on increasing employee motivation and performance by linking outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behaviors and the attainment of goals focus on performance and outcomes Term Learning Definition A relatively permanent change in person’s knowledge or behavior that results from practice or experience Term Operant Conditioning Definition People learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences. Term 4 tools for motivation operant conditioning theory Definition positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, punishment Term Positive Reinforcement Definition Giving people outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors Term Negative Reinforcement Definition Eliminating undesired outcomes when people perform organizationally functional behaviors (e.g., removal of nagging/criticism) Term Extinction Definition Curtailing the performance of a dysfunctional behavior by eliminating whatever is reinforcing them Term Punishment Definition Administering an undesired or negative consequence when dysfunctional behavior occurs Downplay the emotional aspect, punish behavior not people Try to punish dysfunctional behaviors as soon as possible Try to avoid punishing people in public, but can certainly let it be known that punishment occurred for certain behaviors Term Negative reinforcement vs punishment Definition Neg. reinforce. Used to promote performance of functional behaviors in orgs. And REMOVAL of neg. consequences Punishment is used to stop performance of dysfunctional behaviors and ADMINISTRATION of neg. consequences Term Social Learning Theory Definition A theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people’s thoughts and beliefs and their observations of other people’s behavior Term Vicarious Learning Definition Learning that occurs when a learner is motivated to perform a behavior by watching another person perform and be reinforced for doing so Also called Observational Learning Term Conditions for Social Learning Definition The learner observes the model performing the behavior. The learner accurately perceives the model’s behavior. The learner remembers the behavior. The learner has the skills and abilities needed to perform the behavior. The learner sees or knows that the model is positively reinforced for the behavior. Term Self-Reinforcement Definition Any desired or attractive outcome or award that a person can give himself or herself for good performance Term Self-efficacy Definition A person’s belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully Term Pay as a Motivator Expectancy: Definition Instrumentality, the association between performance and outcomes, must be high for motivation to be high. Term Pay as a Motivator Need Theory Definition pay is used to satisfy many needs. Term Pay as a Motivator Equity Theory: Definition Pay is given in relation to inputs. Term Pay as a Motivator Goal Setting Theory: Definition Pay is linked to attainment of goals. Term Pay as a Motivator Learning Theory: Definition Outcomes (pay), is distributed upon performance of functional behaviors. Term Merit Pay Plan Definition A compensation plan that bases pay on based on individual, group and/or organization performance. Term Employee Stock Option Definition A financial instrument that entitles the bearer to buy shares of an organization’s stock at a certain price during a certain period of time or under certain conditions Term Piece-rate Pay Definition Employee’s pay is based on the number of units that the employee produces Term Commission Pay Definition Employee’s pay is based on a percentage of sales that the employee makes Term Scanlon plan Definition Focuses on reduced expenses or cutting costs Term Profit sharing Definition Employees receive a share of an organization’s profits