Protostomes = molluscs, annelids, arthropods (coelomates), flatworms, roundworms (invertebrates)

Deuterostomes = echinoderms, chordates (endoskeleton)

Protostomes: cells are determinate, spirally placed on top of each other. 

Deuterostomes: cells are indeterminate, radially placed on top of each other, cells are indeterminate until 8 days, so they can become part of another organism.

(snails, clams, scallops, squid, octopuses, slugs)

All have open circulatory systems (except cephalopods), they are triploblastic, have tube-in-a-tube plan, are not segmented, bilateral symmetry, acoelomates

Have a three-layered body (mantle, foot, visceral mass)

Nervous sytem contains several ganglia connected nerve cords

Cephalization is non-existent

Consist of three classes: bivalves, cephalopods, and gastropods

The mantle, the visceral mass, and foot

Mantle - covering that lies to either side, doesn't completely close visceral mass. Can secrete a shell to contribute to lung/gill formation.

Visceral Mass - where all the internal organs, a high specialized digestive tract, etc., are stored

Foot - a muscular organ that may be adapted to locomotion, attachment, food capture. 

Bivalves (clams, mussels, scallops, oysters)

Cephalopods (squid, octopuses)

Gastropods (slugs, snails, nudibranches)

Consist of clams, mussels, scallops - they have two valves that are used for burrowing or for shooting water out for locomotion. Bivalves usually have very primitive cephalization

Cilia in gills move water into mantle cavity (incursion siphon)

Open Circulatory system

Nervous system contains ganglia

Have excretory system

Nautiluses, cuttlefish, squids, octopuses, move by jet (water) propulsion. Squids and Octupuses have ink-sacs, squirting predators to confuse them.

Squid have closed circulatory sytems, has three hearts.

Spermatophores contain sperm

Tentacles have adhesive secretions or suckers to capture prey

Well-developed brains

Tunnel (for jet propulsion) can be directed anteriorly or posteriorly

Snails, slugs, conchs

marine habitats, slugs and snails adapt to terrestial habitat

Herbivores or scavengers

Cerebral ganglion at ends of eyes and ends of tentacles

Extended flattened foot for locomotion

Aquatic Gastropods have gills in mantle cavity (where mantel doesn't cover)

Shell provides protection and prevention from dessication (drying out)

Hermaphroditic - any snail can produce male/female sperm/egg, shoots into other snail, and begins to fertilize w/out larvae

Gastropods undergo torsion (twisting), where anus and mantle cavity move downward, then forward, then squarely on the foot (visceral mass).

Aquatic gast. have gills, terres. have lungs in mantle opening

Have a prominent head and ganglia with eyes (has cephalization)

marine worms, leeches, earthworms

SEGMENTED BODY (septa)

They have a hydroskeleton, water forms shape, helps with gas-transmission, locomotion, etc. 

Tube-in-tube body plan

Closed circulatory system

Has a brain connected to solid nerve cord, a ganglion in each segment

Clam Worms

Annelids that have many setae (bristles that anchor the worm or help it move. Bundles on parapodia, not for swimming, but for resperatory (create bigger surface area for gas exchange)

Most live in crevaces in the ocean, few move

THEY HAVE BREEDING SEASONS - PREZYGOTIC ISOLATING MECHANISM

Develop larvae like molluscs

Terrestrial/freshwater habitats

EARTHWORM IS AN EXAMPLE

have setae

move via compressing longitudnally, setae did into ground, and then move forward

Like to live in moist soil for gas exchange

Live everywhere but the sea

Breathe via trachea

Body Plan - Head, thorax, abdomen

Thorax - wings and three pairs of legs

They are usually herbivorous

Centipedes (hundred legs) have a pair of legs for each segment (so it's segmented), live in moist areas (under logs), head contains paired antennae and jawlike mandibles.

Millipedes (thousand-legs) - harmless animals, hard chitinous exoskeleeton, pair of feet for each segment

a fused head and thorax (crayfish have this - decapods), don't have any head appendages (antennae, etc.)

All have exoskeleton, compound eyes

Hunt for molluscs

Sea Urchings, Sand Dollars, Sea Stars. Bottom-dwelling organisms. 

5-Pointed Radial symmetry

Exoskeleton of calcium-rich plates called ossicles

Digests prey (bivalves) even when they try to close their shells

Anus is on the aboreal side (opposite to mouth)

Coelomate

Each arm contains male/female organs

Locomotion - depends on water vascular system

Circulatory Sytem:

Hemolymph:

Nervous System:

clitella

feritilzation

no larvae (elaborate)

Respiratory System - Spiracles, openings in exoskeleton, pumped via air sacs

Circulatory system - slender heart that lies in abdomi

Ticks, mites, scorpions, spiders

Somewhat parasitic, like to live in the tropics

found along rocky coasts, feed on clams, oysters, and other bivalves. 

(1) spines from the endoskeletal plates offer some protection

(2) PINCERLIKE STRUCTURE AROUND THE BASES OF SPINES KEEP THE SURFACE FREE OF SMALL PARTICLES (not mean to be in caps)

(3)skin gills, tiny fingerlike extensions of the skin used for respiration.

In sea starts (echinoderm), tube feet line each arm (and groove) with little tube feet for locomotion

Water enters the system through the sieve plate on aboreal side, lateral canals extend into each tube feet for feeding, (has ampulla). 

Move by expanding and contracting of tube feet, 

Don't have complex respiratory, circulatory, or excretory systems

Fluids in coelom carry out many of these activities. (tube feet and gills along body wall take care of respiratory)

Sea Stars reproduce sexually and asexually

Metamorphisis - bilateral larvae become radial grownups

One Difference Between Proto-Deuturostomes

Cleavage - the splitting of cells without growth, in protostomes, cells lay on each other spirally - lie in grooves, and cells are already determinate (can contribute to each other in one way)

In Deuterstomes - lie on each other (on the top), cells aren't determinate, can become a completely different organism if separated

In protostomes, when blastopore forms, the mouth forms.

In deuterostomes, the anus forms first when blastopore created