The Historical Context:

As the social consequences of expanding industrialism became increasingly evident, realism came to rival ___________ both as a _____ and as an ________ __ ____.

romanticism;

style;

attitude of mind

The Historical Context:

In the arts, realism emerged as a style concerned with:

Advancing Industrialism:

Examples of industrial expansion: 

the rail roads;

telegraph;

telephone;

electricity 

Colonialism and modern Imperialism:

The need for _________ and _______ was the motivating force behind Colonialism.

materials;

markets 

Colonialism and modern Imperialism:

The expression used to justify unlimited expansion into the American West was

China and the West:

The 19th Century marked the end of China’s independence and gave way for trade concessions and opium Wars. Which Chinese commissioner made efforts to achieve peace?

Lin Zexu sent  Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria pleading for Britian's assistance in ending opium smuggling and trade. 

Social and Economic Realities:

Industrial production, enchanced by advances in machine technology, came to be controlled by ______-_____ _____________ and _____-_____ ___________, a small minority of the population, which created an _______ ____________ __ ______, leading to ________ and _____ _______. 

middle-class entreprenuers;

upper-class capitalists;

unequal distribution of wealth;

protests;

urban revolts

Social and Economic Realities:

March of the Weavers by Kathe Kollwitz

Social Theory:

Liberalism, conservatism, utilitarianism, socialism, and communism offered 

Conservatism; liberalism; utilitarianism; socialism:

Conservatism 

Conservatism; liberalism; utilitarianism; socialism:

Liberalism

Conservatism; liberalism; utilitarianism; socialism:

The doctrine of utilitarianism articulated by Jeremy Bentham argued that

Conservatism; liberalism; utilitarianism; socialism:

Socialists 

Radical Social Reform:  

Karl Marx was a _______ _________ who advocated _______ __________ as a means of seizing power. Marx argued that ___ "_______ __ ___ ________ _______ __ ___ _______ __ _____ _________."

radical socialist;

violent revolution;

the “history of all existing society is the history of class struggles.”

Radical Social Reform: 

According to Marx, the class of people he calls the ___________ has played a revolutionary role in human history.

bourgeoisie;

Radical Social Reform: 

Friedrich Engels was a ______ _________ and __________ and collaborated with ____ on his _________ published in 1848.

social scientist;

journalist;

Marx;

manifesto

John Stuart Mill and Women's Rights:

____, _____, and ______ championed women’s social and psychological independence.

Mill;

Ibsen;

Chopin

John Stuart Mill and Women's Rights:

In the 1850’s ____, a social liberalist, wrote that men do not simply want obedience from women (as men might demand from slaves) but women’s sentiments as well, and condemned the __________ __ ___ ___ __ _______ as objectively “_____ __ ______… one of the chief hindrances to human improvement.” 

Mill;

subjection of one sex to another;

wrong in itself

John Stuart Mill and Women's Rights:

Women did not receive the right to vote in the US or Britain until the _____.

Realism in Literature:

Western novelists—_______, __________, ________, and ____—described social conditions in sympathetic and faithful detail.

Dickens;

Dostoevsky;

Flaubert;

Zola

Realism in Literature:

Western novelists—Dickens, Dostoevsky, Flaubert, and Zola—described social conditions in ___________ and ________ detail.

sympathetic;

faithful 

Realism in Literature:

_______ _______ was the most popular English novelist of his time.

From a poor family, he was afforded little ______ _________. 

Charles Dickens;

formal education;

Realism in Literature:

Dickens's novels are frequently __________, his characters may be drawn to the point of __________ and his themes suggest a sentimental faith in ________ and ____ _____ as an antidote for the __________ of contemporary life.

theatrical;

caricature;

kindness;

good cheer;

bitterness 

Realism in Literature:

 A journalist, humorist and social critic; born on the appearance of Haley’s comet in 1835 and died on the next appearance 75 years later.

Mark Twain

(Samuel Langhorne Clemens)

Realism in Literature:

Mark Twain was a __________, ________, and ______ ______. He was born on the appearance of ______ _____ in 1835 and died on the next appearance __ years later.

journalist;

humorist;

social critic;

Haley’s comet;

75 

Realism in Literature:

In Twain's land mark classic, “The adventures of Huckleberry Finn,” the Mississippi river, traveled by Huck and Jim, became a backdrop for the _____ ______ surrounding _______ and an exploration of the _____ and _________ of the South prior to the _____ ___. 

moral debate;

slavery;

greed;

hypocrisy;

Civil War

Dostoevsky and Tolstoy:

Fyodor Dostoevsky was born to ______, but turned to the plight of the _____ _______. His characters are often victims of a dual plight: _______ and __________. 

wealth;

 lower classes;

poverty;

conscience

Dostoevsky and Tolstoy:

 ______ __________ was born to wealth, but turned to the plight of the lower classes. His characters are often victims of a dual plight: poverty and conscience. 

Dostoevsky and Tolstoy:

Dostoevsky's best know works, “Crime and Punishment” and "The Brothers Karamazov,” question whether extraordinary _________, by the _____ of their _________, have the right to commit _______ ____.

individuals;

power;

uniqueness;

immoral acts

Dostoevsky and Tolstoy:

Dostoevsky's best know works “_____ ___ __________” and "___ ________ _________” question whether extraordinary individuals, by the power of their uniqueness, have the right to commit immoral acts.

Crime and Punishment;

The Brothers Karamazov

Dostoevsky and Tolstoy:

Leo Tolstoy renounced his ______ and ________ to live and work among the ________. He wrote "War and Peace," a panoramic novel  that follows the fortunes of five families during _________ invasion of ______.  This work exposes the __________ position of the ________ and the cruel ____________ of the great masses of the _______ people. “War and Peace” is often hailed as the greatest example of _______ in Russian literature.

wealth;

property;

peasants;

Napoleon’s;

Russia;

privileged;

nobility;

exploitation;

Russian;

Realism 

Gustave Flaubert and Kate Chopin:

19th century novelists share an interest in exploring _________ between ______ ___________ and ________ ______, especially as they related to _____.

conflicts;

social conventions;

personal values;

women

Gustave Flaubert and Kate Chopin:

In Flaubert’s novel, “______ ______”, Emma meets with disaster as she tries to inject romance into her everyday life.

Gustave Flaubert and Kate Chopin:

In “___ _____ __ __ ____” by Kate Chopin, Mrs. Mallard discovers in her mourning what is “the strongest impulse of her being,” namely, her freedom to choose.

Emile Zola and Naturalism:

 Unlike _________ novels, naturalistic works--like those by Zola--were grounded in the belief that _____ ______ were products of their ___________ and that the dramatist (writer) should expose ______ ____ so that their causes could be _________.

realistic;

human beings;

environment;

social ills;

corrected

Emile Zola and Naturalism:

Unlike _______, Naturalism was not successful in the _______, possibly due to its _______ demands

Naturalists believed that many ________ were more concerned with __________ _____________ than with _____, and that a play representing a “slice of life” was equal to a segment of _______ transferred to the stage. 

Realism;

theatre;

extreme;

Realists;

theatrical effectiveness;

truth;

reality 

Ibsen and Realist Drama:

Ibsen is often called the “_______ __ ______ _____.” He wrote a play called

A Doll’s House, which makes a basic assumption that ________ and ___________ determine _________ and ______.

founder of modern drama;

heredity;

environment;

character;

action

 Ibsen and Realist Drama:

 “___ ___ ___” was the style of scenery preferred by realists, the set fully ________ the acting space on _ _____ like the walls of a room, with one side _______.

The Box Set;

encloses;

3 sides;

removed

Ibsen and Realist Drama:

Box sets enabled more _________ representations of ______ spaces; extensive use of ___________ and _____. Actors sought _________ ________; interacted with setting and furnishings as if in a _________ ___________.

realistic;

indoor;

furnishings;

props;

realistic behavior;

realistic environment

Realism in the Visual Arts:

 The new technologies of ____________ and ___________ encouraged artists to provide _________ visual records of their surroundings.

photography;

lithography;

objective 

Realism in the Visual Arts:

Leading the realist movement in the visual arts, Courbet and Daumier in France and Eakins and Homer in America produced unembellished depictions of familiar, everyday __________ and _________, while Manet shocked critics by recasting ___________ ________ in ____________ visual terms.

activities;

pastimes;

traditional subjects;

contemporary 

Realism in the Visual Arts:

 Leading the realist movement in the visual arts, _______ and _______ in France and _______ and _____ in America produced unembellished depictions of familiar, everyday activities and pastimes, while _____ shocked critics by recasting traditional subjects in contemporary visual terms.

Courbet;

Daumier;

Eakins;

Homer;

Manet 

Birth of Photography:

The technological invention that began with ______ and ________ and would later revolutionize the world of art was photography.

Talbot;

Daguerre 

Birth of Photography:

The _____________ _________ that began with Talbot and Daguerre and would later ______________ ___ _____ __ ___ was photography.

technological invention;

revolutionize the world of art

Birth of Photography:

Comparing the photographs by Thomas Annan and Julia Margaret Cameron, we can say that, from a stylistic point of view, Compared to Annan, Cameron’s photograph tries to _______ ________ ________.

Name the Artist:

A farmer’s son and self taught artist, he became the leading French realist of the 19th c. He noted, “A painter should only paint what he can see.” His subjects included ordinary people in actual settings.

Name the Artist:

Had no formal academic education, but was trained in Lithography.

His lithographs satirized modern technology, monarchy and profiteering. 

Name the Artist:

He was the French painter who scandalized the public by presenting traditional themes in unconventional ways (as in his Olympia).

Compare ______ Olympia with ______ Pastoral Concert. The conventions of art are such that in a delicate genre like the female nude, the distance is not far from artistic nude to a slightly pornographic atmosphere. In Olympia, the major departure from convention is the fact that she is wearing slippers and a ribbon at her throat.

Manet’s;

Titian’s 

American Realist Painting:

Name the Artist:

A still-life painter and a master of trompe l’ oeil, he worked in the style of the 17th c. Dutch Masters, recording with hairline precision the often mundane artifacts of life.

American Realist Painting:

 Name the Artist:

Like most 19th c. American artists, he was trained in Europe, but made his home in Philadelphia. A brilliant portrait artist, he was an influential and controversial teacher at the Penn. Academy of Fine Arts.

American Realist Painting:

Name the Artist:

 A student of Eakins, he traveled to Paris to make his art where, as a black artist, he was more openly accepted. He explored various genres of artistic expression, including photography and his subjects tended toward the simple every-day events of the working class.

American Realist Painting:

Name the Artist:

He would often generalize the fact of a subject, but would not moralize or allegorize. He practiced graphic selectivity and dramatic concentration, although his “perfect Realism” had its critics.

Late Nineteenth-Century Architecture:

(Cast iron)

______ _______ Crystal Palace was designed to house the Great Exhibition of London, 1851.

Late Nineteenth-Century Architecture:

(Cast iron)

_______ _______ famous tower was created for the Paris World Expo of 1889.

Late Nineteenth-Century Architecture:

Beginning with his predecessor William Le Baron Jenney’s Chicago masterpiece, the ________ __________ became an icon of modern urban culture.

Late Nineteenth-Century Architecture:

(The American Skyscraper)

Name the Artist:

_____ _____ ________ took the new building material of steel and transformed the American skyline for ever. His Guaranty Building in Buffalo, NY (1894) proudly reflects the structural simplicity of its steel frame. He believed that “form should follow function”. 

Realism in Music:

(Verismo & the Operas of Puccini)

The Idea of Verismo or truth-ism referred to the sense of realism in music. Verisimilitude = All events, actions, settings, etc. should ______ __ ____-____ (the Appearance of Truth).

Realism in Music:

Verismo & the Operas of Puccini:

Puccini brought verismo to operatic subjects. One of his best know works, “__ ______” tells the tragic love story of a group of young artists in the Latin quarter of Paris.

The Italian composer also took contemporary East–West cultures as a theme for “______ _________.”

La Boheme;

Madame Butterfly