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Definition
| Large and complex molecules that make up chemical building blocks of organisms. (Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic acids, ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain Carbon; C skeleton is represented by R; functional groups: OH Hydroxyl, NH2 Amino, COOH Carboxyl |
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Term
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Definition
Sugars and starches; very abundant in cells; made up of C, H, and O; ratio of H : O is 2:1
Simple sugars; monosaccharides, ribose, glucose, fructose
Complex carbs: polysaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
Sugars of DNA and RNA
Cell wall of bacteria
Food reserves
Main function is to supply cell with energy |
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Definition
Simple sugars
Number of carbons 3-7
Triose (3C), Tetrose (4C), Pentose(5C), Hexose(6C), Heptose(7C)
Pentoses are found in DNA and RNA, hexosses are like glucose, fructose |
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Term
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Definition
Dimers, 2 monosaccahrides joined together by dehydration synthesis rx
Glycosidic bond between two adjacent monosaccharides
Glucose + fructose = sucrose
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose
Isomers: have same chemical but different structural formula |
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Term
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Definition
Complex macromolecules, 8 or more monosacchardies joined together
Glycogen: many glucose monomers joined, main energy molecule in animals, and some bacteria
Cellulose: many glucose joined but different linkage, make cell wall of plants |
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Definition
Essential for structure and function of membranes
Non polar molues, insoluble in water
Contain C,H,O but not the 2:1 ratio (H:O)
Also functions in energy storage |
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Term
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Definition
Fats or triglycerides
Contain an alcohol glycerol (3C) and fatty acids
Fatty acids are long chain hydrocarbons (C,H). Even number of C and COOH.
Linkage b/n glycerol and F.A. is called an ester bond. |
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Definition
Saturated have the max # of H atoms attached to carbon (animal fat)
Unsaturated do not have max # of H attached therefore has double bonds (vegetable oils) |
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Definition
Contain S, P, or N in addition to the main elements.
Phospholipids are most common and important. Main lipids found in cell membranes. |
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Definition
Hydrophobic region which is the fatty acid tail
Hydrophilic region which is the glycerol and Phosphate
make up the lipid bilayer of the cytoplasmic membranes |
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Definition
Complex lipids with fused rings
Found mainly in plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells
Mycoplasma are the only genus of bacteria that have sterols in their plasma membrane |
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Definition
Make up 50% of the cell's weight
Contain C, H, N, O and sometimes P and S
Essential for structure and function of cell |
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Definition
building block of protein
join together by a peptide bond
Amino acides have a central alpha C, that has a carboxyl (COOH), amino (NH2) and an R group attached to it
20 different amino acids in nature |
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Term
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Definition
Sterioisomers, the DL and L forms
Most AA are found in the L forms
Bonds between carboxy terminus of one AA to the amino terminus of another are called peptide bonds
Dipeptide - tripeptide - polypetide |
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Term
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Definition
Primary: linear arrangement of the amino acids. Genetically determined.
Secondary: localized, repeated folding of each polypeptide. H bonds b/n peptide bonds.
Tertiary : three dimensional structure of polypeptide. Interactions b/n side chains of A.A.
Quaternary: exits in proteins with 2 or more polypetides. Overall interaction b/n different polypeptides. |
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Term
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Definition
Is a double stranded, superhelical molecule. ( Watson and Crick ).
Strands are complimentary and anti parallel.
Contains A, T, G, C
A pairs with T, and C pairs with G. |
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Definition
Single stranded molecule
Has ribose as sugar
Contains A,U,G,C
Adenine pairs with uracil, and guanine pairs with cytosine
Three kinds of m-RNA, r-RNA, and t-RNA |
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Term
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Definition
ATP
Primary energy source of the cell
Energy is the high phosphate bonds
Adenosine: adenine + ribose + 3 phosphates
ATP = ADP + Pi
Has ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups. |
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