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| refers to the customs of a group or society. It is symbolic and socially learned aspects of society and includes material and nonmaterial elements. |
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| biologically inherited predispositions that cause a species to react to a given stimulus in a given way. Humans have drives and reflexes – need culture to determine behavior |
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1. the knowledge, language, values, customs and material objects passed through the generations in a society
2. behavior patterns learned through imitation, interaction, observation
3. learned, not in-born
4. a blueprint for living
5. total way of life of a people
6. product of interaction that is uniquely human and patterns drives of sex, eating, etc.
7. fundamental for the survival of society |
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| Human biological predispositions to culture |
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opposable thumb
upright posture
binocular vision
ability to speak
large well developed brain |
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material parts to control environment
behavior patterns – habits, activities, skills
mental patterns – feelings, attitudes, values
social organization and institutions – relation to authority, property
symbolic elements – nonmaterial tools giving control over reality like language, writing, math
organization of thought – science, philosophy, magic |
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| physical or tangible things (such as clothing, shelter, art) that people make, use, and share |
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| cognitive; abstract or intangible human creations (such as attitudes, beliefs, ideas, values) that influence human behavior |
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| classical music, opera, ballet, live theater and other activities patronized by people with time, money and knowledge assumed necessary to appreciate them (upper classes) |
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| activities, products and services of everyday life that appeal to the middle and working class primarily (such as sports, rock music, movies, television) |
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temporary but widely copied activity followed enthusiastically by large numbers of people. Examples are:
object fads, activity fads, idea fads, personality fads |
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| currently valued style of behavior, thinking or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad |
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| taking one’s culture for granted and the belief that it is superior to others, the right one |
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| the position that no one culture is superior or inferior to others; behavior must be understood in the context of the culture in which it occurs |
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| what we are supposed to do |
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| abstract categories common to all cultures such as age-grading and food taboos – patterns vary from culture to culture |
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Cultural variation
Group with beliefs and behaviors significantly different from the larger society
Variant attributes, beliefs, behaviors, and values
Generally observe critical majority norms
Examples:
Amish
teenagers |
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Rejects dominant societal values and behavior
Practice alternative lifestyle (mores and taboos)
May use illegal means to attain goals
May die out or can be absorbed
Examples:
Beatniks of the 1950’s
Hippies of the 1960’s
Anti-war movement |
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| promoted by a culture and are identifying characteristics of the culture – Robin Williams |
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individualism
achievement and success
activity and work
science and technology
progress and material comfort
efficiency and practicality
equality
morality and humanitarianism
freedom and liberty
racism and group superiority |
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| Sanctions are attached to norms and may be: |
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formal – official
informal – unofficial
positive – reward
negative - punishment |
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| abstract categories of what is right and desirable |
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rules that define acceptable behavior that may be:
prescriptive – what you must do – what is appropriate and acceptable
proscriptive –what you are prohibited from doing – what is inappropriate or unacceptable |
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| Folkways, Mores, Taboos and Laws |
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| rules for everyday life that may be violated without serious sanctions |
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| strongly held norms with moral and ethical impacts; essential for group well being – violation leads to serious sanctions |
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| very strong mores that govern acts that are very destructive; violation is extremely offensive or even unmentionable |
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| formal norms -codified rules of behavior with legal sanctions |
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| Sociological analysis of culture: |
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| Functional theory,Conflict theory,Symbolic interaction, Postmodern |
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| culture results from group consensus and help people meet group needs (biological, instrumental, etc.) |
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| powerful develop and impose culture to influence the weak in society |
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| people create and change culture as they go through life but cultural creations can assume a life of their own and end up controlling people |
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| : norms reflect the simulation of reality |
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| signs whose meanings are agreed upon by members of culture and represent something else |
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| set of rules governing system of symbols – product of culture and creates culture; enables communication |
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| language reflects human thoughts and feelings and shapes the way we act and feel; language structures reality; if we can’t say it, we can’t think it (language must precede thought |
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| use masculine pronouns for humans in general in English. Words relating to women convey weakness or treat them as sexual objects. |
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| Language and race/ethnicity |
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| transmits preconceptions about superiority of one group over another or imply weakness. |
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| spread of culture items from one society to another through contact |
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| occurs when one aspect of culture changes faster than another. |
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| anxiety people experience when they encounter cultures radically different from their own. Encountering people who do not share one’s world view may leave you frustrated, disoriented or disturbed |
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| cultural differences between and within nations caused by climate, geography (nature) or population composition, technology (social) |
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