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| a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables |
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| any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviours that are controlled or observed in a study |
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| a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations |
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| describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable |
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| the persons or animals whose behaviour is systematically observed in a study |
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| data collection techniques |
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| procedures for making empirical observations and measurements |
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| a periodical that publishes techinical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry |
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| consist of various approaches to the observation, measurement, manipulation, and control of variables in empirical studies |
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| a research method in which the investigatory manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result |
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| a condition or event that an experiemtnrer varies in order to see its impact on another variable |
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| the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable |
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| consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable |
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| consists of similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group |
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| any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study |
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| when two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects |
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| random assignment of subjects |
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| when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study |
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| a researcher engages in careful obesrvation of behaviour without intervening directly with the research subjects or participants |
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| when a subject's behaviour is altered by the presence of an observer |
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| an in-depth investigation of an individual subject |
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| when researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gether information about specific aspects of participants' behaviour |
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| the use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data |
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| used to organize and summarize data |
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| a line figure used to present data from a frequency distribution |
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| an orderly arrangement of scores indicating the frequency of each score or a group of scores |
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| negatively skewed distribution |
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| most scores pile up at the high ened of the scale |
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| positively skewed distibution |
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| scores pile up at the low end of the scale |
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| how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean |
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| an index of the amount of variability in a set of data |
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| a symmetrical bell-shaped curve that respresents the pattern in which many human characteristics are dispersed in the population |
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| indicates the percentage of people who score at or below a particular score |
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| when two variables are related to each other |
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| the correlation coefficient |
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| a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables |
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| used to interpret data and draw conclusions |
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| said to exist when the probability that the obesrved findings are due to chance is very low |
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| the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated |
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| the combination of the statistical results of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variable's effects |
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| the collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study |
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| the much larger collection of animals or people that researchers wnat to generalize about |
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| when a sample is not represetantive of the population from which it was drawn |
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| when particpants' expectations lead them to experience some change even thought they receve empy, fake, or ineffectual treatment |
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| a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself |
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| a tenedency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the quesitons |
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| when a researcher's expectations of preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained |
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| a research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups |
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| internet-mediated research |
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| studies in which data collection is done used the Web |
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