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| term: 1889-1893, a.k.a. “The white house ice chest”; republican in between Cleveland; spent all the government money, raised tariff; civil war general |
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| speaker of the house in 1890; changed the rules of operation to make himself a veritable tsar with absolute control in running the house; created the billion dollar congress |
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| gave pensions to all Union Civil War veterans who had served for 90 days and who were now unable to do manual labor; this was how Harrison spent money; given to North Veterans; passed by the Billion Dollar Congress to reduce the surplus to keep the high tariff in place |
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| Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890 |
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| pro-silver interests, passed legislation authorizing Congress to buy 4.5 million ounces of silver each month at market prices ad issue Treasury notes redeemable in gold and silver; piece of legislation passed by Billion Dollar Congress to reduce surplus |
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| fifty-first Congress--first Congress to give away a billion dollars; Republican Congress which wanted to reduce the surplus so that they could keep the high tariff intact |
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| boosted rates up to 48.4%—the highest level yet; The farmers lost the most from this tariff, as tin peddlers in the Midwest dishonestly cited rising prices due to Republicans; as a result, in the election of 1890, Democratic seats in the House rose to 235, while Republicans only had 88 representatives |
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| Homestead Steel Plant Strike 1892 |
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| strike in 1892 at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel plant near Pittsburgh, the workers wanted better safety regulations and benefits as well as to be a recognized union, the company called in 300 Pinkerton officials to crush the strike, troops had to be summoned b/c the Pinkerton men couldn't control the situation, helped the populist cause |
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| this group tried to relieve the misfortunes of the farmer and polled many votes, comes from the West; these were the ways that farmers fought |
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| made up mainly of the Farmers’ Alliance (and other groups), demanded free and unlimited coinage of silver at a ratio of sixteen to one, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of the telephone, telegraph, and railroads—all to combat injustice. |
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| general nominated as a pres. candidate by Populists; lost in 1892 election; he received popular votes, but lacked electoral votes |
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| president in 1892 for Democratic Party |
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| populist leader, promoted interracial political cooperation, later abandoned his interracial appeals and became racist |
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| Jacob S. Coxey (Coxey's Army 1894) |
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| a wealthy Ohio quarry owner, demonstrated for much-needed help; He and his “Commonweal Army” of Coxeyites marched to Washington D.C., but upon reaching there, he and his “lieutenants” were arrested for walking on the grass, while the other people accounted for lots of disorder and pillage. |
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| the Pullman company town was hit hard by the Depression of 1893 and had to cut wages, but the company didn't lower the cost of living for the workers so the workers led by Eugene Debs struck, they overturned several railroad cars thereby paralyzing railroad traffic from Chicago to the Pacific Coast, Cleveland dispatched federal troops on the basis that the strike was interfering w/ the federal mail |
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| leader of the Pullman strike; socialist |
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| Wilson-Gorman Tarrif Act of 1894 |
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| passed in 1894 it was supposed to provide adequate revenue w/ moderate protection, the bill included an income tax but that only lasted a year |
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| income tax proposed by the Wilson-Gorman Tarrif Act of 1894, the income tax lasted only one year, when in 1895 the Supreme Court struck that part of the act down |
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| mentor and primary financial backer of McKinley for presidency in 1896; poured much money and effort into assuring Rep. McKinley would win election; in favor of hard money, political boss in Chicago |
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| sponsor of McKinley Tariff Bill of 1890; Rep. candidate for pres. 1896; supported hard money--against free silver and inflation; won decisively in election, he also entered America into war with the Spanish |
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| populist; becomes a democrat; congressman from Nebraska; "the Boy Orator of the Platte, he delivered a plea for silver - delivered the Cross of Gold speech in front of 15,000 people; pres. candidate for the dem. and populist parties in 1896; the platform declared for the unlimited coinage of silver @ the ratio of 16 ounces of silver to 1 ounce of gold; debated over repealing the Sherman Silver Act |
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| famous speech given by William Jennings Bryan about the importance of farming and his favor of free silver, this speech helped him to get selected as both the populist and the democratic presidential candidate in 1896 |
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| “The Free-Silver” Election of 1896 |
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| this election brought the democrats and populist together; for this time being it was known as the “Demo-pop” party and the republican McKinley won |
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| replaced the Wilson-Gorman tariff, reintroduced protectionism by placing high tariffs on certain goods; raised the tariff level to 46.5% |
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| 1900, it provided that paper currency could be traded for gold, helped restore prosperity in the U.S. |
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