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| coordination and communication network that runs throughout an animal’s body |
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nerve cells
~Estimated 100 billion in brain
~Specialized circuits dedicated to specific tasks |
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| comprised of the brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| nerves that connect the CNS with the rest of the body |
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| transmit information from sensors that detect external stimuli and monitor internal conditions |
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1. light
2. sound
3. touch
4. smell
5. taste |
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| List the 5 External Senses |
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1. in blood – pressure
2. pH
3. CO2/O2 levels
4. muscle tension |
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reads sensory input, considers immediate input, and compares it to past events
~Located entirely within CNS
~Greatest complexity of neural circuits |
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carries the signal for the motor output to carry out a particular response (reaction) with effectors
~Effectors: muscles, glands |
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1. Dendrites (receive signals)
2. Cell Body
3. Axon Hillock
4. Axon (transmits signals)
5. Myelin Sheath
6. Synapse |
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Definition
| Neuronal Structural Components |
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essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the nervous system and the normal function of neurons
~Example: Schwann cells |
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| responsible for production of the myelin sheath |
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| insulating material that encloses the axon along most of its length |
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| disease in which the myelin sheath deteriorates resulting in the progressive loss of body function due to disruption of the nerve signal |
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| relay point between two neurons (gap) |
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| a chemical is released across the gap in order to continue the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron |
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Definition
| a chemical that carries the signal from the presynaptic neuron to the post synaptic neuron or to an effector cell (muscle or gland) |
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1. Comprised of brain and spinal cord
2. Located on the dorsal side of the body
3. Surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| 3 Characteristics of Central Nervous System |
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| cranial and spinal nerves |
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Definition
| What is the peripheral nervous system comprised of? |
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| orig. brain → head & upper body |
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| orig. spinal cord → lower body |
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| carries signals to and from skeletal muscles, mainly in response to external stimuli; voluntary |
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| controls smooth and cardiac muscles, the cardiovascular, digestive, excretory, and endocrine systems; involuntary |
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| corresponds to arousal, energy generation, and homeostasis (flight or fight response) |
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| corresponds to calming, resetting normal functions, and homeostasis (rest or digest response) |
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| responsible for homeostasis, coordination of movement, and conduction of information to higher brain centers |
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Term
1. medulla oblongata
2. the pons
3. the midbrain |
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| Name the 3 components of the Brainstem: |
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Definition
| responsible for coordination of movement and learning, remembering motor responses |
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| responsible for sophisticated integration, memory learning, speech, and emotions; also, formulates complex behavioral responses |
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| main input center for sensory information going to the brain and motor information leaving the brain (data sorting) |
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| responsible for homeostasis, pituitary gland control, and timing of the biological clock |
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| sensors that detect stimuli caused by physical deformation; include touch, motion, sound, pressure, and stretch |
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| tympanic membrane perceives vibrations in the air which are then transmitted across bones of the middle ear (incus, stapes, malleus) to the inner ear and brain |
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| chambers in the inner ear that respond to changes in position with respect to gravity |
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| CaCO3 particles in the chambers that detect gravity by position |
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| detects vibrations in water which generate low frequency waves |
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| perceives vibrations in the water which are then transmitted across a series of tiny bones to the brain |
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| sensors that detect total solute concentration or individual kinds of molecules |
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| detecting molecules present in solution |
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| detecting molecules present in air |
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| Electromagnetic receptors |
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Definition
| sensors that detect forms of energy, including visible light, electricity, and magnetism |
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| sensors that detect heat and cold for both surface and body core temperatures |
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| class of naked dendrite sensors that detect pain in the epidermis of the skin |
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Definition
| iris adjusts to regulate the amount of light entering the pupil |
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Definition
| focus by moving their lens backwards and forwards |
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| focus by altering the shape of their lens (accommodation) |
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| structures in the eye sensitive to light, but incapable of distinguishing colors; maximum number in nocturnals |
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| structures in the eye less sensitive to light, but capable of distinguishing colors; maximum number in diurnals |
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Term
1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement |
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Definition
| 3 main functions of a skeleton: |
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Definition
fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment; muscles can change shape in fluid-filled compartments
Example: Flower hat jellyfish |
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hard encasement deposited on the surface of an animal; shed periodically in order to produce a new covering due to growth
Example: Rhinoceros beetle |
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| hard supporting elements buried within soft animal tissues |
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Definition
| What is reinforced with spicules? |
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| What is reinforced with subdermal plates? |
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Definition
| What is reinforced with cartilage, bone, or a combination of both? |
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Definition
position of legs to main body; an important structural feature in birds and mammals
**Muscles and tendons bear most of the load |
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Definition
| bundles of muscle fibers working in antagonistic pairs in order for body parts to move in opposite directions without hyperextending |
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| biceps contract, triceps relax |
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Definition
| What happens when you flex your arm? |
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| biceps relax, triceps contract |
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Definition
| What happens when you extend your arm? |
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Definition
~Gravity – major problem that wings must overcome with lift
~Shape of wing determines type of flight
~Adaptations reduce body mass
~Aerodynamics from fusiform shape |
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Term
| Walking, Running, Hopping, etc. |
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Definition
~Gravity – major problem due to animals’ necessity to support themselves
~Friction – minor problem due to air being less dense than water |
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Definition
~Gravity – mostly overcome due to animals finding buoyancy in water
~Friction – major problem due to water being more dense than air
~Shape of fins determine type of swimming
~Drag reduced by fusiform shape |
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Term
1. Flying and running require more energy than swimming
2. Swimming is the most energy efficient mode of locomotion
3. Larger animals require more energy than smaller animals |
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Definition
occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell.
In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. |
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Definition
| the potential difference between the two sides of the membrane of a nerve cell when the cell is not conducting an impulse |
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Definition
| A momentary change in electrical potential on the surface of a cell, especially of a nerve or muscle cell, that occurs when it is stimulated, resulting in the transmission of an electrical impulse. |
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| the strength at which a stimulus is just perceived |
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| An agent, action, or condition that elicits or accelerates a physiological or psychological activity or response. |
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