Term
| Bancteria (True Bacteria) and Acrhcea |
|
Definition
- both are prokaryotes
- as different from each other as prokaryotes and eukaryotes
- DNA sequencing made possible to study |
|
|
Term
| Differences btw Prokaryote and Eukaryote |
|
Definition
1. Prokaryotes lack cytoskeleton, a nucleus, and do not divide by mitosis (binary fission)
2. Organization of DNA different
3. Prokaryotes do not have organelles
4. Prokaryotes are typically unicellular
5. Eukaryotes are often larger
6. Pro- Circular DNA, Euk- linear DNA
*Euk rely on O2, while only a very few Prok do. |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria and Archea: Domains |
|
Definition
- humans and Eukaryotes split from Archea
- Domain is above a kingdom |
|
|
Term
| Bact. and Arch. : Differences |
|
Definition
- Archea lack poly peptidoglycan in cell wall
- Archea lipids are unlinked
- Different in tRNA initiator
- Different at cellular and metabolic level
- Antibiotics have no affect on archea |
|
|
Term
| Do Arch. and Bact. Share an Ancestor? |
|
Definition
- Some say two different forms of life originated, but DNA says they came from single origin.
- They share DNA for protein production
- Conduct Glycolosis
- Replicate DNA semi conservatively
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Little known about them because they live in such extreme temperatures.
- Cannot replicate these conditions in a lab
- Only a few have been seen under a microscope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Spherical (cocci)
2. Rods (bacilli)
3. Helixes
*But they like to cluster together so their shape isn't too well known* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- much less well known
- maybe similar to bacteria, along with triangles and spheres |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes #'s and Communities |
|
Definition
- 10x biomass of Eukaryotes
- They often cluster into communities made of single or multiple species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Groups that cluster together (can include eukaryotes)
- They secrete a matrix (polysaccharide gel) that sticks to a hard surface
- They send out signal molecules that attract other bacteria (possibly even another species)
- Matrix makes it hard for antibiotics to kill them
- Stromatalites = biofilms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Thin peptidoglycan
- appear pink and red
*Archea dont have peptidoglycan* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Thick peptidoglycan
- appear blue and purple
*Archea dont have peptidoglycan* |
|
|
Term
Is treating against prokaryotes possible?
|
|
Definition
| - Yes because there is such a big difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes that it is very easy to target prokaryotic cells. |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria and Archea: Movement |
|
Definition
1. Spinning of flagella (like propeller)
2. Taking in and expelling water
- use to lower and raise themselves in water (density)
* both ways are like a submarine* |
|
|
Term
| Arch. and Bact.: Reproduction |
|
Definition
- They have sex but not in the conventional sense
-They exchange genetic material
- exchanging of plasmids (most common)
- transformation or conjugation
|
|
|
Term
| Exchange of genetic material typically unequal. Why? |
|
Definition
1. Speed of Production- more DNA you have the longer it takes to replicate all of DNA and reproduce
2. It is always a constant race to reproduce. Drown out other organisms to extinction
|
|
|
Term
| Bact. and Arch.: Communication |
|
Definition
Quorum Sensing: Bacteria sense that their population is sufficiently dense, they commence smaller activities that smaller densities could not manage (biofilm)
-requires minimum # of individuals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Cannot tolerate the presence of free O2. Prokaryotes first 1.5 billion year of existence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - can tolerate oxygen but cannot use it for metabolism or shift metabolic pathways to use it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - require presence of O2 for metabolism (cellular respiration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Use photosynthesis as their energy source and a inorganic source, often CO2
- ex) Cyanobacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Use photosynthesis for energy and production, but gain carbon from an organic source such as carbs, fats, or alcohols |
|
|
Term
| Chemolithotrophs (Chemoautotrophs) |
|
Definition
-Gain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and use this energy to fix CO2 as a carbon source
- ex) Hydrothermal vent ecosystems
- life may have started here? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - utilize both energy and carbon atoms from organic compounds (most prokaryotes, all animals and fungi in this group) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Humans dont use atmospheric nitrogen
- But we really need it (nucleic acids and proteins)
- Bacteria use atmospheric Nitrogen and fix it
- Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus |
|
|
Term
| Bact. and Arch.: Resolving Their Phylogeny |
|
Definition
- They use rRNA to trace phylogenies
- must look at not just single, but multiple genes that are not likely to be exchanged
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - SOmetimes lateral gene transfer has even occurred across domains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- gram (-) parasite
- chemoheterotrophic
- motile via axial filaments
- Lyme's disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- optical/sexual diseases
- Gram (-), small cocci, limited ability to produce ATP
- 2 life stages: Elementary Body and Reticulate Body |
|
|
Term
| High G-C Gram Positives/ Actinobacteria |
|
Definition
- Large filamentous clusters
- Include myobacteria (TB), and strep
*bacteria often go to war with each other and that is where we get antibiotics*
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Sometimes called blue-green algae or bacteria
- photoautotrophs, some N-Fixing
- contain chlorophyll a and produce free O2
- may have been first to produce free O2
- source of endosymbiosis for eukaryotic chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria: Low G-C Gram Positives |
|
Definition
| - typical of this group are internal endospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Contains a copy of the organism's DNA
- covered in a thick spore coat (resistant to environmental conditions)
- Can survive through extreme living conditions (dorment thought)
- Anthrax
- Killed tomb raiders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Largest know group of bacteria
- Source of mitochondrial symbiosis
- Very Very diverse
- Causes Gall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- thermophilic or acidophilic (endospores cant even survive these conditions)
- They love pressure also |
|
|
Term
| How do Archea survive extreme living conditions? |
|
Definition
- Temp
- Highly heat stable chaperons (heat shock proteins), help DNA from denaturing
- chaperons resist unfolding
- Salinity
- Many pump in large concentration of K+ to counteract osmosis and water loss in the environment. K+ can be 100x he environment.
- Positive super coils are extremely heat stable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A large group are the methanogens (produce CH4 by reducing carbon dioxide)
- obligate anaerobes
- in guts of herbivores and termites- account for 1/3 of methane in atmosphere. |
|
|
Term
| Archea: Korarcheota and Nanoarcheota |
|
Definition
- New groups
- Cannot culture
- Can culture Nanoarcheota by association with other species |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes: Misconceptions |
|
Definition
- 99% dont make us sick.
- vital to our life.
"Probacteria: using bacteria to treat patients." |
|
|
Term
| Proklaryotes: Envirnomental Effects |
|
Definition
- Decomposers: metabolize dead matter and CO2 returned.
- Biotech: Making of cheese, sewage, antibiotics
- O2 Production: produce 50% of O2
- N-Fixing:
- Digestive: digests plants for cows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- linked to bacteria historically
- 1:10,000 bacteria:viruses
- fight between viruses and bacteria
- They lyse bacteria and bring out important nutrients in the ocean |
|
|
