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| the language3, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors,and even mateial objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next |
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| the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry |
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| (aka symbolic culture) a group's way of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction) |
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| recurring characteristics or events |
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| The disorientation that people experiance when they come in contact with a fundamentally differdnt culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life |
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| the use of one's own culture as a yard stic for judging the ways of other individuals or societies generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors |
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| not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms |
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| something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others |
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| the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another |
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| a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and con represent not only objects but also abstract thought |
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| Edward Sapir And Bengamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving |
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| the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly |
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| expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce behavior |
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| either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them |
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| a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward |
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| an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution |
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| norms that are not strictly enforced |
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| norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential nto core values or to the well-being of the group |
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| a norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions and even revulsion if someone violates it |
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| the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world |
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| a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture |
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| a society made up of many different group, with contrasting values and orientations to life |
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| values that together form a larger whole |
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| values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to contradict the other |
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| a people's ideal values and norms, the goals head out from there |
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| the norms and values that people actually follow |
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| a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group |
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| a framework of thought that viewshuman behavior as the result of natural selection and considers biological factors to be the fundamental cause of human behavior |
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| in its narrow sense, tools, its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools |
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| the emerging technologies of an era that having a significant impact on social life |
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| Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations |
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| the spread of cultural trai8ts from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial cultural traits |
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| the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which western culture is being exported and diffusedinto other nations |
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