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| mental shortcuts that help us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world |
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| heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype |
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| how common a characteristic or behaviour is in the general population |
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| heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds |
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| systematic errors in thinking |
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| tendency to overestimate how well we could have successfully forecast known outcomes |
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| tendency to overestimate our ability to make correct predictions |
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| watching behaviour in real-world settings |
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| extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings |
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| extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences from a study |
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| research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended period of time |
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| demonstrations that a given psychological phenomenon can occur |
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| research that examines the extent to which two variables are associated |
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| grouping of points on a two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person's data |
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| perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exists |
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| research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulations of an independent variable |
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| randomly sorting participants into two groups |
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| in an experiment, the group of participants that receives the manipulation |
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| in an experiment, the group of participants that doesn't receive the manipulation |
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| variable that an experimenter manipulates |
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| variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect |
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| any difference between the experimental and control groups other than the independent variable |
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| investigation of the consistency of patterns of results across large numbers of studies conducted in different laboratories |
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| tendency for negative findings to remain unpublished |
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| improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement |
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| unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group |
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| harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm |
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| experimenter expectancy effect |
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| phenomenon in which researchers' hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study |
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| when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who's in the experimental or control group |
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| phenomenon in which participants' knowledge that they're being studied can affect their behaviour |
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| cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researcher's hypotheses |
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| procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate |
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| consistency of measurement |
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| extent to which a measure assesses what it purports to measure |
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| tendencies of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items |
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| application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data |
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| numerical characterizations that describe data |
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| measure of how loosely or tightly bunches scores are |
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| difference between highest and lowest scores |
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| measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean |
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| mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population |
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| perception of events outside the known channels of sensation |
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