Brain Barrier Substances Transported

Glucose, water,

selected amino acid

Lipid soluble substances - alcohol, CO2, nicotine, cocaine, anesthetics, L-dopa, Antihistamines, steroids

Brain Barrier Substances NOT transported

Blood Cell Formation

made in bone marrow

(In solution blood are called electrolytes)

Cations (+) positive charge

Anions (-) negative charge

pH

1- Acid (Acitosis)

7- Normal (7.4 blood)

14 - Alkaline (Alkolosis)

6.8 - death

7.6 - death

Neutral Fats - Triglycerids

Lipoproteins - Carriers for cholesterol

HDL - good

LDL - bad

20 amino Acids

Amine Group NH2

Every protein is composed of Amino Acid

Amino Acids are linked by Peptide Bonds

Remove H2O

synthesis

Add H2O

Catabolic process

LDH2

Latate Dehydrogenase

KIDNEY

LDH1

Lactate Dehydrogenase

HEART

LDH3

Lactate Dehyrogenase

LDH4

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Testosterone - Anabolic

(builds muscle)

Estrogen

Proesterm

Cortison - antiflammitory

supress the immune system

About 20 Known

Aborting Agent
(causes contractions)

Also puts horses in the mood!! :)

Biological Activity

4 Different Structures

1. Primary Structure

2. Secondary Structure

3.Tertiary Structure

4. Qucturnary Structure

Amino Acid Sequence

Oxytocin-9AA/Inherited

Too Hot

pH Imbalance

All enzymes are proteins

Enzymes - Biological Catalyst = Increase rate of chemical reaction

Every reaction in your body needs a specific enzyme

Can be a protein, fat, or carbohydrate.

Enzymes turns substrate into product.

Active Enzymes

Cofactors are inorganic calcuim, zinc,magnesium

Active enzymes

Organinc

Inhibitors

2 KINDS

Turn Enzymes Off

1. Competitive

competes for active binding site

2.Allosteric

creates alternate binding site

LDH5

Lactate Dehydrogenase

Carbohydrates

"Sugars"

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Sucrose = glucose + fructose

Table Sugar

Lactose = glucose + galactose

Maltose = glucose +glucose

Glycogen

Long chain of glucose linked togther

Endocytosis

(Large Molocule)

Phagocytosis - Solid (cell eating)

Pinocytosis - Fluid (cell drinking)

Oxygen and carbondioxide transport

(5 milllion per cc)

Nutrient and waste transport

Tempature regulation

Maintains Osmotic Pressure

Acid/Base Balance

Clotting (hemostatsis) mechanism

Immune System

Highly Selective

Endothelical Membrane (includes brain and spinal cord)

Does NOT include Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, vomiting center (Blood get get to these structures)

Anything that stimulates your immune system.

Stimulates Antibodies.

Any foreign protein

Bacteria - e coli

Pollens

Gamma Globulin

75%

Contains the most antibodies

1st to appear (develops the fastest)

Surface receptor on T-cell

Binds Oxygen recycled and iron 80%

Sickle Cell - Bad Hemoglobin

On all tissue except Red Blood Cells

Assemble Amino Acids

Primary Structure

1. T-Cells react with hidden tissues.

2. MHCI proteins become defective.

3. Body tissues "cross reaction" with old antigens and stimulate antibody production.

• Chemicals
• Pollens/ Molds
• Animal/ Hair/ Dust Mites
• Medication
• Venoms
• Food

Tyrosine (AA) - Melania Pigment

 (determines eyecolor)

CPK 1 (mm) Skeletal Muscle

CPK 2 (mb) Cardiac Muscle

CPK 3 (bb) Brain

True

H+ - Hydrogen

(acid/ base balance)

Excess hydrogen will cause Acidosis

Too little will cause Alkalosis

K+ - Potassium

(Kalemia)

Major intracellular Ion

(inside the cell)

Hyper kalemia - Excess

(can stop the heart)

Major extracellular ion

(outside the cell)

Selective diffusion

(cleanse the blood)

The movement of the solvent through a semi- permiable membrane

Solvent in most cases is H20

What Moves? Ligand (cholesterol)

Membrane Needed? Yes

What Direction? High to Low

Carrier needed? Yes (receptor needed)

Active or passive? Active

What moves? Solute

Membrane needed? Yes

What direction? High to Low

Carrier needed? Yes

Active or passive? Passive

What moves? Sodium

Membrane Needed? Yes

What direction? Glucose Low to high

Carrier needed? Yes

Active or passive? Active

What moves? Solvent

Membrane needed? Yes

What direction? Water is moving to a higher concentration

Carrier needed? No

Active or passive? Active

What moves? Ions

Membrane needed? Yes

What direction? Low to high

Carrier needed? Yes

Active or passive? Active

What moves? Solute

Memebrane needed? No

What direction? High to low

Carrier needed? No

Active or passive? Passive

• Albumin
• Immune globulins made from b-cells
• Metabolic enzymes
• Clotting factors
• protein hormones

Blood Components

Plasma :

(soluble portion of the blood)

• water, glucose, amino acids, lipids, etc.
• electrolytes Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++, Cl-      (0.9% saline solution)
• soluble proteins

Blood Components

Formed Elements

• Erythrocytes (RBC's) 5m/cc
• Lewkocytes (WBC's) 7000/cc
• Platelets (thrombocytes)

200,000/cc

(hemostasis) reaction

Cells secrete five classes if antibodies

•  IgA
• IgD
• IgE
• IgG
• IgM

Lymphocytes

made in bone marrow

goes to the thymus gland for processing

• All take part in the most immune responses; antigen recognition; all form clone population
• B-Cells
• Killer Cells
• Helper T-cells
• Suppressor T-cells

• Secrete Histamine
• Promote allergy and inflammation

• Allergic responses
• internal parasites

• Fast acting phagocyte
• inflammatory response
• not sustained
• bacteria

Characteristics

• Phagocyte
• nonspecific response
• presented antigen to T-cells

Secreted by Helper T-cells

promotes growth of bone marrow stem cells

Cytokine secreted by Helper T-cells; cause killer T-cells to multiply

Interleukin 1

(secretes cytokines)

Secreted by macrophages; activates helper T-cells.

Fever

Interferon

(cell that secretes cytokines)

Cytokines which specifically inhibits viruses; stimulates macrophages and killer T-cells

Inflammatory mediator secreted by mast cells.

Local vasodilator, increased capillary permeability

• Gamma Globulin
• Colostrum Milk

• Regulate B-cell activity
• secrete cytokine
• delayed hypersensitivity
• tissue rejection
• autoimmune disease

Specific antibody production

immune globulins

• primary immune response
• secondary immune response

• B-Cells
• T-Cells

• Active Immunity
• Passive Immunity

Direct antibody transfer from another person

• Fever
• Hemostasis
• Histamine release - local edema
• phagocytic cells
• interferons
• activation of complement proteins in blood

Skin, tears, saliva, urine, etc.

General Inflammatory response

allergy

Transfusion reactions

(means to clump together)

• Neutralization
• Agglutination
• activation of the complement system
• opsonization
• stimulation of killer T-cells

Transport Vesicles

matures and activates

moleocule also puts and address on it

Completed Protein

Major Histocompatibility complex

• Surface proteins
• 4 genes on chromosome

#6 (A,B,C,D) 50 variations of each

they contain unrecognized proteins:

eye

thyroid

testis

CHO

Lipids

Enzymes Detoxify

Enzyme - L-Dopa -

Dopamine =decreased parkinson's

Increased schizophrenia

Norepi - Epi

Phenylalaine (amino acid) -Tyrosine - Tyrosinase -Dihydroxyphenylalaine- Melainn Pigment

Tay- Sacks Disease

Metabolic Defect

Lactose Interlerance

Metabolic Defect

Protected by double wall membrane

DNA is in the nucleus

3 billion base pairs

Adimaine matches with thymine

Cytosine matches with guonine

Albumin

Made by the liver

not enough cause the water to leak out of blood and it causes Edema

Mobile Leukocyes - neutrophils

Macrophages

Chemicals Mediators - prostaglandins (blood clotting)

Histamine

clotting proteins

complement proteins (C1-C9)

Increased Capillary Permeability

Vasodilator - decreased blood  pressure

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

Specific Antigen Exposure

cause specific blood antibody to form

14 days to develop antibodies