Term
page 527
Age of Revolution |
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Definition
Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848
Significance: -period brought up many movements, such as calls for religious, political, and social change
Analyze: -commercialization, population growth, and corrupt governments were among the many causes for this period of revolution |
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Term
page 528
Population revolution |
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Definition
Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50%, England and Prussia 100%
Significance: -upper-class families tried to ensure their position in existing offices
-became more difficult for commoners to gain high posts
-more people entered the work force; protests emerged
Analyze: -increased birth rates and more surviving children
-less chance of inheriting property |
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Term
page 529
Proto-Industrialization |
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Definition
Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full- or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution
Significance: -ultimately encouraged development of new technologies to expand production further
Analyze: -new market relationships and manufacturing volume became more important |
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Term
page 529
American Revolution |
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Definition
Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seabird between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of USA
Significance: -colonial rebels established new government
-USA won its freedom from Britain after several years of fighting
-new gov't exhibited principles such as widespread voting rights and checks and balances between legislature and executive branches
Analyze: -result of Enlightenment and refusal to succumb to Britain's imposition of colonial taxation and trade control |
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Term
page 529
French Revolution |
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Definition
Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe
Significance: -marked beginning of new governmental structure in France, as well as the basis for many political structures throughout western Europe
Analyze: -combination of many factors, including population growth, desire to lessen power of Catholic church, aristocracy, and monarchy, and an increasing demand for freedom from the middle class |
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Term
page 530
Louis XVI
(1754-1793) |
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Definition
Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution
Significance: -attempted to institute tax reforms for himself and governmental officials
-practically gave in to revolution
Analyze: -middle-class representatives requested changing traditional parliament to a modern one in order to further represent needs of non-nobles
-street riots in Paris frightened monarch |
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Term
page 530
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen |
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Definition
Adopted during liberal phase of French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for all other liberal movements
Significance: -proclaimed freedom of thought and universal rights that should be granted to all people
-spurred revolts that diminished power of aristocracy, church, and king
Analyze: -changing beliefs among majority of population; new ideologies that emerged in Enlightenment |
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Term
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Definition
Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during most radical phase of French Revolution known as Reign of Terror
Significance: -used to execute Louis XVI and several thousand other opponents
-initially meant to be a humane instrument, but became a symbol of radicalism of the French Revolution
Analyze: -radicals were afraid of being shut down by opposing monarchs, such as those in Britain, Prussia, and Austria
-regarded as extreme for obvious reasons |
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Term
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Definition
Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin
Significance: -surfaced during revolution's radical phase
-spurred other unifying symbols like national anthems
Analyze: -replaced old loyalties to church and aristocracy
-brought together the majority of the population |
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Term
page 431
Napoleon Bonaparte |
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Definition
Rose within French army during wars of French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815
Significance: -converted revolutionary republic to authoritarian empire
-diminished parliamentary power and limited freedom of expression
-granted religious freedom and equality for men
-developed system of secondary schools and universities
Analyze: -possessed great desire to build and expand French Empire, which he did
-schools allowed bureaucrats to receive proper education |
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Term
page 431
Congress of Vienna |
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Definition
Meeting in aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes
Significance: -meeting of allies who had deposed Bonaparte; attempting to reach peace settlement
Analyze: -no one wanted to disrupt the European balance of power
-however, stronger powers around France were eager to gain land previously owned by French Empire, so the old map was not restored |
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Term
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Definition
Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church
Significance: -strongly disapproved of revolutionary goals
-urged restoration of monarchy and defended church
Analyze: -designed to promote stability and internal peace
-believed the unification of church and state would fulfill this goal |
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Term
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Definition
Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliament
Significance: -primarily focused on political structure, limited government interference in daily life, and voting rights for propertied people
-also urged economic reforms to create better education and industrial growth
Analyze: -challenge against conservatism
-desire to protect individual rights and encourage political representation |
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Term
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Definition
Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of lower classes
Significance: -urged wider voting rights than liberals
-sometimes suggested democracy
-promoted social reforms for lower classes
-some urged attacks on private property and capitalist exploitation
Analyze: -meant to grant equality to more people, though many tactics were, as the name suggests, radical for the times |
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Term
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Definition
Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling Ottoman Empire in Balkans
Significance: -major factor in eventual disassembling of Ottoman empire
Analyze: -result of growing interest in political protest, especially popular among students and urban artisans |
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Term
page 533
Reform Bill of 1832 |
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Definition
Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain
Significance: -gave parliamentary vote to most middle-class men in Great Britain
Analyze: -response to popular agitation amongst frustrated civilians |
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Term
page 533
Chartist Movement |
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Definition
Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed
Significance: -spurred by lower class artisans and workers
-developed charter to define their demands
Analyze: -hoped that movement would regulate new technologies, preserving work for lower classes, and promote popular election |
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Term
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Definition
French scientist who discovered relationship between germs and disease in 19th century, leading to better sanitation
Significance: -sanitation improved
-fewer deaths of women in childbirth
-overall health in both genders improved
Analyze: -discovery caused doctors and health professionals to pay more attention to sanitation |
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Term
page 537
American Civil War
(fought from 1861-1865) |
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Definition
First application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in US and reunification of North and South
Significance: -first war to be based primarily on industrial innovations(weaponry and transportation)
-ended disputes over territory
-led to abolishment of slavery
Analyze: -liberal thinking was becoming more popular
-technological advancements lessened the need for slavery, though racism persisted |
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Term
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Definition
Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported status quo
Significance: -as the name suggests, it transformed various ministries into a single-minded body of political advancements and representation of the common populace
Analyze: -tolerance of various political parties allowed alliances to be formed |
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Term
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Definition
Issues relating to repressed classes in western Europe during Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and women; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870
Significance: -became key criteria for political partisanship
-often regarded as more important than constitutional issues
Analyze: -socialists and feminists were becoming more prominent due to the grievances upon the working class |
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Term
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Definition
Political movement with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of the working man
Significance: -reflected Marxist doctrine and the idea that socialism was "the final phase in an inexorable march of history"
Analyze: -harder times were falling on the working class, spurring new ways of thinking and political theories |
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Term
page 538
Karl Marx
(1818-1883) |
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Definition
German socialist who blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship
Significance: -much more tough-minded than previous socialists
-believed social revolution was the key to developing a classless, equal society
Analyze: -although the middle class was thriving as a producer, the propertyless proletariats were now struggling to make enough money |
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Term
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Definition
Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions
Significance: -argued Marxist theory by claiming that social change was possible without conflict
Analyze: -democracy seemed to be the way of the future, and this inspired revisionists' doctrines |
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Term
page 540
Feminist Movements |
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Definition
Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class women; active in western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in 1960s
Significance: -aimed at gaining equal economic, political, and occupational rights for women
Analyze: -many women, especially among the middle class, felt confined by domestic life and/or believed their roles in the home should extend to the rest of society |
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Term
page 540
Mass Leisure Culture |
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Definition
As aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports
Significance: -example of industrial life
-newspapers, team sports, bicycle riding, popular theater, vacation trips, etc.
Analyze: -companies could produce mass amounts of commodities
-also a result of growing secularism |
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Term
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Definition
Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival
Significance: -major step in theoretical science and biology
-created more complex vision of nature than laws previously stated by Newton
Analyze: -successfully challenged Christian beliefs with logic
-became more popular, along with secularism |
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Term
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Definition
Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity
Significance: -instance of growing understanding of physical science
-often too complex for majority of population to comprehend
Analyze: -another improvement on oversimplified Newtonian laws
-industrial society allowed more time for research and scientific investigation |
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Term
page 541
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939) |
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Definition
Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses
Significance: -proposed theories of human psychology and why we act the way we do
Analyze: -result of growing interest in social sciences, such as investigations into causes of poverty, business cycles, and behavior of crowds |
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Term
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Definition
Artistic and literary movement of 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection
Significance: -popular among all classes of arts
-attempted to evoke emotion and feeling rather than debate and reflection
Analyze: -movement in response to previous fads of refinement and modesty; freedom of expression gained ground |
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Term
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Definition
Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to WWI
Significance: -alliance meant to combat force of Triple Encente (Britain, Russia, France)
Analyze: -with growing advancements in arsenals and military systems, tensions among major European powers increased as well |
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Term
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Definition
Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to WWI
Significance: -formed to combat forces of Triple Alliance (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy)
Analyze: -with growing advancements in arsenals and military systems, tensions among major European powers increased as well |
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Term
page 546
Balkan Nationalism |
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Definition
Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within European alliance system; eventually led to WWI
Significance: -created to formed independent nations within Balkan possessions Ottoman Empire
-disputes led to WWI
Analyze: -Russia and Austria often fought over territorial gains
-wars over states satisfied no one and increased hostility between nations |
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