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Definition
| Our bodies carry ___ many bacterial cells than human cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria normally found at various nonsterile body sites; do not cause harm
Ex: E. Coli naturally occuring in our GI tract. |
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Term
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Definition
Consortium of colonizing microbes
Ex: our GI tract hosting the E. Coli |
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Definition
change constantly:
-vary with type of tissue and condition
-can cause disease if reach abnormal location |
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Term
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Definition
-9 square feet
-harbors approx. 10^12 microbes (1 trillion cells)
-dry, salty, acidic, and have protective oils
-specialize in scalp, ears, armpits, genital and anal areas.
-mostly gram-positive bacteria |
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Term
| Staphylococcus epidermidis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-degrades skin oil
-inflames sebaceous glands
-causes acne |
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Term
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Definition
-kept at bay in nose and throat
-causes very harmful pathogenic disease if enters bloodstream.
-populates nasopharynx and oropharynx |
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Term
| The lungs and trachea are usually __________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
composed of the ciliated mucous lining of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
-sweeps foreign particules up and out of lung
-keeps lungs sterile |
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Term
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Definition
-mesophyllic and oncogenic
-survives at pH 1
-burrows into protective mucus
-causes gastric ulcers and many stomach cancers |
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Term
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Definition
-contains 10^9 to 10^11 bacteria per gram of feces.
-ratio: 1000 anaerobes : 1 facultative organism
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Term
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Definition
-inhabit intestine
-anaerobic
-breaks down complex carbohydrates into products that can be absorbed by body. |
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Term
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Definition
-inhabit intestine
-facultative anaerobe (can be an aerobe too).
-catabolizes gluconate (a component of secreted mucus) |
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Term
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Definition
Living microbes that are ingested to restore the natural microbial balance
-exampls: Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by Clostridium difficile which when out of balance, wreaks havoc |
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Term
| The kidneys and urinary bladder are normally ________. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| composition of this changes with the menstrual cycle |
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Term
| Lactobacillus Acidophilus |
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Definition
-bacteria of urogenital tract
-acidic secretions favor this bacteria. |
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Term
| Antibacterial antibiotic therapy |
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Definition
| allows fungus Candida albicans to proliferate, causing a yeast infection. |
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Term
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Definition
-make vitamins and digest food
-prevent colonization by pathogens
-make IMMUNOMODULIN proteins
-have potential use as vaccine delivery vehicles
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Term
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Definition
cause disease when immune system barriers are breached.
-host is said to be immunocompromised.
Ex: Bacteroides fragilis |
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Term
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Definition
-barriers to infection
-nonspecific responses to destroy invading cells
-present at birth
ex: Having HCl with pH 1 in stomach. |
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Term
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Definition
-reaction to specific antigens
-body reacts to antigens when exposed
-retains memory of those antigens, which means for a faster response if exposed a second time. |
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Term
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Definition
| parts of foreign proteins, sugars, and chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by differentiation of stem cells produced in the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
white blood cells processed in thymus
modulate specific immune response |
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Term
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Definition
White blood cells processed in the bone marrow
produces antibiodies to bind antigens |
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Term
| Neutrophils and monocytes |
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Definition
| -engulf and destroy microbes by phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells |
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Term
| Basophils and eosinophils |
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Definition
| release toxins to poision microbes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Types of white blood cells |
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Definition
-neutrophils and monocytes
-basophils and eosinophils
-lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Physical barriers to infection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT) Langerhans cells |
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Definition
phagocytose microbes
example: lysozymes in our eyes, which destroy peptidoglycan wall in all organisms |
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Term
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Definition
-trap and destroy pathogens
-mucous layers slough off, removed
-cilia remove microbes from lungs |
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Term
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
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Definition
innate system in gastrointestinal system
includes tonsils
-composed of M cells that take microbes from intestine and release on other side for macrophages |
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Term
| Chemical barriers to infection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-small antimicrobial cationic peptides
-destroy invader's cell membrane
-bind to negative charged bacterial membranes where they assemble and make pores so bacteria die by cell leakage. |
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Term
| Acute inflammatory response |
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Definition
| infection releases microbes to tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| released by phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
expressed by capillary cells
-slow neutrophil movement so they can exit bloodstream by process of extravasation |
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Term
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Definition
when neutrophils exit bloodstream
-squeeze between capillary cells
-leave capillary cells
-attack bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted by damaged tissue |
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Term
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Definition
promotes extravasation
stimulates mast cells to degranulate (release histamine)
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Term
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Definition
released by blood plasma
-stimulate nerve endings
-signal itching and pain
ex: tylenol |
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