Term
| the study of evolutionary relationships |
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Definition
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| name the branching diagrams produced by systematic studies |
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Definition
| phylogenetic trees, evolutionary trees or cladograms |
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| list reasons why overall similarities may not predict evolutionary relationships |
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Definition
| similarities may not accurately predict evolutionary relationships becuase the rate of evolution varies, evolution is not unidirectional and evoluion is not always divergent |
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Term
| ... are those that are different from the character state possessed by ancestors. similarity that is inherited from the most recent ancestor of an entire group |
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Definition
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| ... are those that are the same as the character state possessed by the ancestor. from similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor of the group |
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Term
an approach to studying evolutionary relationships that emphasizes the shared possession of derived characteristics
-examines the distribution of character states among species |
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Term
| to determine whether particular character states are ancestral or derived |
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| uses an outgroup comparison in which the character states of the species in the group being studied are compared with that of a closely related species or group of species |
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Term
| character states of the out group are considered to be ... and the other character states aer considered... |
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Term
| species that share a ommon ancestor, as indicated by the possession of shared derived characters are said to belong to a ... |
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| a derived character shared by clade members is caleed a ... |
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| ... refers to how we place species and higher groups- genus, family, class, and so forth- into the taxonomic hierarchy |
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Term
| distinguish classification from sysematics |
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Definition
| systematics is the reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships, classificaiton refers to how we place species and higher groups into the taxonomic hierarchy |
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Term
-includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendant
-by definition a clade is one of these |
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includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all of its descendants (all dinosaurs) |
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| does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group |
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Term
| what is the biological species concept? |
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Definition
| species= a group of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups |
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| what is the phylogenetic species concept? |
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Definition
| species= a group of populations that have been evolving independently of other groups |
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Term
what are some shared derived characters of land plants?
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Definition
-protection for the embryo
-alternation of generations: a multicellular haploid stage aternating with a multicellular diploid stage
-the evolutionary trend is toward more protection and smaller gametophyte (haploid stage) in the life cycle |
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Term
what are some adaptations of land plants to the terrestrial environment?
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Definition
-cuticle: waxy, relatively immpermiable, preventing water loss
-stomates:gas diffusion in and out of a plant occurs through this tiny mouth-shaped opening. which allows water to diffuse out at the same time |
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Term
| specialized cells that facilitate the transport of water and minerals |
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Definition
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Term
| tracheophytes in general have well developed long-distance transport systems:... |
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Definition
| water-conducting xylem and food-conducting phloem strands of tissues in their stems, roots and leaves |
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