Details Title: Chapter 2 Description: n/a Total Flash Cards: 139 Created: 01/13/2009 13:55:19		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Physiology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term       Brain Barrier Substances Transported Definition Glucose, water,   selected amino acid   Lipid soluble substances - alcohol, CO2, nicotine, cocaine, anesthetics, L-dopa, Antihistamines, steroids Term Brain Barrier Substances NOT transported           Definition Plasma Proteins, Protein Hormones, Urea, Creatinine, Ions, Antibiotics Term Hemostasis Definition Clotting Term Hemopoiesis Definition Blood Cell Formation   made in bone marrow Term Homeostasis Definition Maintenance of Internal Constancy Term Mitochondria Definition Produces 90% of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Term Ions Definition (In solution blood are called electrolytes)     Term Atoms Definition Cations (+) positive charge   Anions (-) negative charge     Term pH Definition 1- Acid (Acitosis) 7- Normal (7.4 blood) 14 - Alkaline (Alkolosis)   6.8 - death 7.6 - death Term Lipids (fats) Definition Neutral Fats - Triglycerids   Lipoproteins - Carriers for cholesterol HDL - good LDL - bad Term Phospholipids Definition Cell membranes repels water Term Proteins Definition 20 amino Acids Amine Group NH2   Every protein is composed of Amino Acid   Amino Acids are linked by Peptide Bonds Term Dehydration Reaction Definition Remove H2O synthesis Term Hydrolysis Reaction Definition Add H2O Catabolic process Term Isoenzymes Definition Same enzyme and function but exsisting in different tissue Term LDH2   Latate Dehydrogenase Definition KIDNEY Term LDH1   Lactate Dehydrogenase Definition HEART     Term LDH3   Lactate Dehyrogenase Definition LUNGS Term LDH4   Lactate Dehydrogenase Definition LIVER Term Enzymes are used up in a Reaction? Definition False Term Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy of the reaction? Definition True Term Steriods (cholesterol) Definition Testosterone - Anabolic (builds muscle) Estrogen Proesterm Cortison - antiflammitory supress the immune system Term Prostaglandins Definition About 20 Known   Aborting Agent (causes contractions)   Also puts horses in the mood!! :) Term Biological Activity   4 Different Structures Definition 1. Primary Structure 2. Secondary Structure 3.Tertiary Structure 4. Qucturnary Structure Term Primary Structure Definition Amino Acid Sequence   Oxytocin-9AA/Inherited Term Secondary Structure Definition Helix/Pleated Sheet Term Tertiary Structure Definition 3D Structure - Binding sites Term Qucturnary Structure Definition Chains of proteins  forming Term Denature Proteins Definition Too Hot pH Imbalance Term Enzymes Definition All enzymes are proteins   Enzymes - Biological Catalyst = Increase rate of chemical reaction   Every reaction in your body needs a specific enzyme   Term Substrate Definition Can be a protein, fat, or carbohydrate.   Enzymes turns substrate into product. Term Cofactor Definition Active Enzymes   Cofactors are inorganic calcuim, zinc,magnesium Term Coenzymes Definition Active enzymes   Organinc Term Inhibitors   2 KINDS   Turn Enzymes Off Definition 1. Competitive competes for active binding site   2.Allosteric creates alternate binding site Term All enzymes are proteins? Definition True Term LDH5   Lactate Dehydrogenase Definition Skeletal Muscle Term Carbohydrates "Sugars"   Definition Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Term Monosaccharides Definition glucose, fructose, galactose Term Disaccharides Definition Sucrose = glucose + fructose Table Sugar   Lactose = glucose + galactose   Maltose = glucose +glucose Term Polysaccharides Definition Glycogen   Long chain of glucose linked togther Term Transferrin Definition Protein that transports Iron Term Solvent Definition Water Concentration Term Solute Definition Stuff mixed in solvent Term Endocytosis   (Large Molocule) Definition Phagocytosis - Solid (cell eating)   Pinocytosis - Fluid (cell drinking) Term Function of the Blood Definition Oxygen and carbondioxide transport (5 milllion per cc)   Nutrient and waste transport   Tempature regulation   Maintains Osmotic Pressure   Acid/Base Balance   Clotting (hemostatsis) mechanism   Immune System Term Blood Brain Barrier Definition Highly Selective   Endothelical Membrane (includes brain and spinal cord)   Does NOT include Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, vomiting center (Blood get get to these structures) Term Antigen Definition Anything that stimulates your immune system.   Stimulates Antibodies.   Any foreign protein Bacteria - e coli Pollens Term IgG Definition Gamma Globulin   75%   Contains the most antibodies Term IgA Definition Secrections - colastrom milk, tears, nasal secrections, salvia Term IgE Definition Mast Cells, Allergy Term IgD Definition Surfaces Receptors Term IgM Definition 1st to appear (develops the fastest)   Surface receptor on T-cell Term HbF Definition Fetal Hemoglobin Term HbA Definition Adult Hemoglobin Term Hemoglobin Definition Binds Oxygen recycled and iron 80%   Sickle Cell - Bad Hemoglobin Term Hydrophilic Definition Attracts water Term MCHI Definition On all tissue except Red Blood Cells Term Rough Ribosomes Definition Assemble Amino Acids   Primary Structure Term Auto Immunity Occurs When? Definition 1. T-Cells react with hidden tissues.   2. MHCI proteins become defective.   3. Body tissues "cross reaction" with old antigens and stimulate antibody production. Term Allergens/ Antigens Definition Chemicals Pollens/ Molds Animal/ Hair/ Dust Mites Medication Venoms Food Term Lyposome Definition Contains many digestive enzymes Term Metabolic Pathway Definition Tyrosine (AA) - Melania Pigment  (determines eyecolor) Term Inheriting a defective enzyme pathway can result in a medical disease? Definition True Term The production of specific proteins (enzymes) is inherited? Definition True Term Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) Definition CPK 1 (mm) Skeletal Muscle   CPK 2 (mb) Cardiac Muscle   CPK 3 (bb) Brain Term A chemical reaction can Proceed without an enzyme? Definition True Term An enzyme has an optimum pH and Tempature? Definition True Term Enzymes are substrate specific? Definition True Term H+ - Hydrogen   (acid/ base balance) Definition Excess hydrogen will cause Acidosis   Too little will cause Alkalosis Term K+ - Potassium   (Kalemia) Definition Major intracellular Ion (inside the cell)   Hyper kalemia - Excess (can stop the heart) Term HCO3 - Bicarbonate Definition Major buffer in the body Term Na+ - Sodium Definition Major extracellular ion (outside the cell) Term Surface Tension Definition Water has a high surface tention because of hydrogen bonding ( cohesion) Term Dialysis Definition Selective diffusion (cleanse the blood) Term Osmosis Definition The movement of the solvent through a semi- permiable membrane Solvent in most cases is H20 Term Diffusion Definition The random movement of molecules due to their kinetic energy. Term Receptor Mediated Endocytosis Definition What Moves? Ligand (cholesterol)   Membrane Needed? Yes   What Direction? High to Low   Carrier needed? Yes (receptor needed) Active or passive? Active Term Carrier Mediated Transport Definition What moves? Solute   Membrane needed? Yes   What direction? High to Low   Carrier needed? Yes Active or passive? Passive Term Gradient Driven Co-transport Definition What moves? Sodium   Membrane Needed? Yes   What direction? Glucose Low to high   Carrier needed? Yes Active or passive? Active Term Osmosis Definition What moves? Solvent   Membrane needed? Yes   What direction? Water is moving to a higher concentration Carrier needed? No Active or passive? Active Term Active channel Transport Definition What moves? Ions   Membrane needed? Yes   What direction? Low to high   Carrier needed? Yes Active or passive? Active Term Diffusion Definition What moves? Solute   Memebrane needed? No   What direction? High to low   Carrier needed? No Active or passive? Passive Term Anemia Definition a deficiency of red blood cells, or hemoglobin, or iron, or copper or some B-vitamins Term Hematocrit Definition Packed cell volume in a capillary tube after centrifuging. Term Serum Definition Plasma with the clotting proteins removed; fluid after blood clots. Term Soluble Proteins Definition Albumin Immune globulins made from b-cells Metabolic enzymes Clotting factors protein hormones Term Blood Components Plasma :   (soluble portion of the blood) Definition water, glucose, amino acids, lipids, etc. electrolytes Na+, K+, Mg++, Ca++, Cl-      (0.9% saline solution) soluble proteins Term Blood Components   Formed Elements Definition Erythrocytes (RBC's) 5m/cc Lewkocytes (WBC's) 7000/cc Platelets (thrombocytes) 200,000/cc (hemostasis) reaction Term Suppressor T-Cells Definition Suppress B-cell production and other T-cells; autoimmunity Term Helper T-Cells Definition Antigen presentation; produce a variety of cyokine proteins; stimulate B-cells Term Killer T-cells Definition Kills virus infected cells; cancer surveillance Term B-Cells Definition Cells secrete five classes if antibodies  IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM Term Lymphocytes   made in bone marrow goes to the thymus gland for processing Definition All take part in the most immune responses; antigen recognition; all form clone population B-Cells Killer Cells Helper T-cells Suppressor T-cells Term Basophil/Mast cells Definition Secrete Histamine Promote allergy and inflammation Term Eosinophil Definition Allergic responses internal parasites Term Neutrophil (immune cell) Definition Fast acting phagocyte inflammatory response not sustained bacteria Term Macrophage (immune cell) Definition Characteristics Phagocyte nonspecific response presented antigen to T-cells Term Perforin Definition Cytokine secreted by killer T-cells that forms channels (holes) in membrane of target cell Term Interlukin 3 Definition Secreted by Helper T-cells promotes growth of bone marrow stem cells Term Interleukin 2 Definition Cytokine secreted by Helper T-cells; cause killer T-cells to multiply Term Interleukin 1   (secretes cytokines) Definition Secreted by macrophages; activates helper T-cells. Fever Term Interferon   (cell that secretes cytokines) Definition Cytokines which specifically inhibits viruses; stimulates macrophages and killer T-cells Term Cytokines Definition A general term for proteins messangers that regulate the immune; secreted by various cell types. Term Histamine Definition Inflammatory mediator secreted by mast cells. Local vasodilator, increased capillary permeability Term Complement Definition A group of plasma proteins which kill microbes directly and enhance inflammation. Activated by antibodies. Term Antibodies Definition Immunoglobulins secreted by plasma B-cells. Attacks the specific antigen stimulated their production Term Antigen Presentation Definition Primary Immune response 10 days Term Passive Immunity Definition Gamma Globulin Colostrum Milk Term T-cells Definition Regulate B-cell activity secrete cytokine delayed hypersensitivity tissue rejection autoimmune disease Term B-cells Definition Specific antibody production immune globulins   primary immune response secondary immune response Term Active Immunity Definition B-Cells T-Cells Term Specific Immune Response Definition Active Immunity Passive Immunity Term Passive Immunity Definition Direct antibody transfer from another person Term Active Immunity Definition Specific antibodies produced by lymphocytes Term General Inflammatory Response Definition Fever Hemostasis Histamine release - local edema phagocytic cells interferons activation of complement proteins in blood Term Non-Specific Immune Response Definition Skin, tears, saliva, urine, etc.   General Inflammatory response   allergy Term Agglutination Definition Transfusion reactions   (means to clump together) Term Opsonization Definition Enhanced phagocytosis Term How antibodies work Definition Neutralization Agglutination activation of the complement system opsonization stimulation of killer T-cells Term Golgi Complex Definition Transport Vesicles matures and activates moleocule also puts and address on it Completed Protein Term Hydrophobic Definition Repels water Term MHC Definition Major Histocompatibility complex Surface proteins 4 genes on chromosome #6 (A,B,C,D) 50 variations of each Term Body tissues that are "hidden" from immune system Definition they contain unrecognized proteins:   eye thyroid testis Term Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Definition CHO Lipids Enzymes Detoxify Term MHC II Definition are only on immune cells Term Tyrosine Definition Enzyme - L-Dopa - Dopamine =decreased parkinson's Increased schizophrenia Norepi - Epi   Term Metabolic Enzyme Pathway Definition Phenylalaine (amino acid) -Tyrosine - Tyrosinase -Dihydroxyphenylalaine- Melainn Pigment     Term Tay- Sacks Disease   Metabolic Defect Definition lipid accumulation Term Lactose Interlerance   Metabolic Defect Definition Lactose not utilized Term Organelles Definition "Little organ" Term Nucelus Definition Protected by double wall membrane   DNA is in the nucleus   3 billion base pairs Adimaine matches with thymine Cytosine matches with guonine Term Gene Definition segment of DNA that codes for protein Term Highly Selective Endothelial Membrane Definition Includes the Brain and Spinal cord Term Blood Brain Barrier does NOT include Definition Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal Gland, Vomiting Center Term Main Protein in the blood? Definition Albumin   Made by the liver   not enough cause the water to leak out of blood and it causes Edema Term Inflammatory Response Definition Mobile Leukocyes - neutrophils   Macrophages   Chemicals Mediators - prostaglandins (blood clotting)   Histamine   clotting proteins   complement proteins (C1-C9) Term Histamine Definition Increased Capillary Permeability   Vasodilator - decreased blood  pressure Term ATP   Adenosine Triphosphate Definition The universal engergy carrier for the cell. Term Specific Antigen Exposure Definition cause specific blood antibody to form   14 days to develop antibodies