Term
1) Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the gastrointestinal system?
A) digestion
B) filtration
C) absorption
D) secretion
E) motility |
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Definition
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Term
2) Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the gastrointestinal tract wall, from lumen to external surface?
A) mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa
B) serosa muscularis externa submucosa mucosa
C) serosa mucosa submucosa muscularis externa
D) mucosa submucosa serosa muscularis externa
E) submucosa mucosa serosa muscularis externa |
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Definition
| mucosa submucosa muscularis externa serosa |
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Term
3) Which of the following correctly lists the three portions of the mucosa?
A) serosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa
B) adventitia, muscularis externa, mucous membrane
C) muscularis mucosae, mucous membrane, submucosa
D) mucous membrane, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
E) adventitia, lamina propria, muscularis externa |
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Definition
| mucous membrane, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae |
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Term
4) Enterocytes of the mucous membrane of the mucosal layer are classified as ________ cells if they secrete fluids and enzymes into the lumen and ________ cells if they release hormones into the bloodstream.
A) endocrine : absorptive
B) exocrine : endocrine
C) endocrine : exocrine
D) absorptive : endocrine
E) exocrine : absorptive |
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Definition
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Term
5) What layer of the mucosa is connective tissue that contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?
A) serosa
B) submucosal plexus
C) mucous membrane
D) lamina propria
E) muscularis mucosae |
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Definition
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Term
6) What is the thin layer of smooth muscle cells whose contraction stirs the lumenal contents and promotes contact with the mucosal membrane?
A) muscularis mucosae
B) muscularis externae
C) muscularis internae
D) serosa
E) myenteric plexus |
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Definition
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Term
7) What layer of the gastrointestinal wall is a thick layer of connective tissue that provides the gastrointestinal tract with much of its elasticity and distensibility?
A) peritoneum
B) mesentery
C) serosa
D) lamina propria
E) submucosa |
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Definition
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Term
8) The enteric nervous system receives its inputs from ________.
A) autonomic neurons only
B) somatic motor neurons only
C) sensory neurons in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract only
D) both autonomic neurons and sensory neurons in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract
E) both somatic motor neurons and sensory neurons in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract |
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Definition
| both autonomic neurons and sensory neurons in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
9) The muscularis externa contains which of the following muscle groups?
A) an inner circular layer capable of slow-wave potentials only
B) an outer longitudinal layer that requires neural input for contraction
C) a muscularis mucosae, which lubricates as it contracts
D) both an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer
E) an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer, and a muscularis mucosae |
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Definition
| both an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer |
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Term
10) Where do slow-wave potentials occur?
A) myenteric plexus
B) submucosal plexus
C) muscularis mucosae
D) inner circular muscle layer of the muscularis externa
E) outer longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis externa |
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Definition
| inner circular muscle layer of the muscularis externa |
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Term
11) The ________ is a layer of epithelial cells on the outer side of the serosa that secretes a watery lubricating fluid that makes it easier for organs to slide past one another.
A) submucosa
B) myenteric plexus
C) mesentery
D) mesothelium
E) endothelium |
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Definition
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Term
12) What membrane lines the abdominal cavity?
A) serosa
B) peritoneum
C) mesothelium
D) mesenteries
E) adventitia |
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Definition
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Term
13) What is the technical word for chewing?
A) mastication
B) micturition
C) segmentation
D) haustration
E) accommodation |
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Definition
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Term
14) As the food is broken into smaller pieces in the mouth, it is combined with ________ that facilitates its movement down the esophagus.
A) gastric juices
B) amylase
C) saliva
D) pancreatic juices
E) chyme |
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Definition
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Term
15) What is a ring of skeletal muscle that regulates the movement of a bolus into the esophagus?
A) glottis
B) epiglottis
C) upper esophageal sphincter
D) lower esophageal sphincter
E) pyloric sphincter |
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Definition
| upper esophageal sphincter |
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Term
16) Gastric reflux occurs when material flows backwards through which of the following structures?
A) glottis
B) epiglottis
C) upper esophageal sphincter
D) lower esophageal sphincter
E) pyloric sphincter |
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Definition
| lower esophageal sphincter |
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Term
17) What is a mixture of food particles with gastric juice called?
A) bolus
B) fundus
C) chyme
D) saliva
E) gastric secretions |
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Definition
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Term
18) The flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine is regulated by the ________.
A) glottis
B) epiglottis
C) lower esophageal sphincter
D) pyloric sphincter
E) gastroileal sphincter |
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Definition
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Term
19) What are rugae?
A) folds in the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption
B) folds in the large intestine that increase the surface area for absorption
C) folds in the stomach that can flatten to expand the stomach volume
D) a motility pattern of the large intestine
E) a motility pattern of the stomach |
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Definition
| folds in the stomach that can flatten to expand the stomach volume |
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Term
20) What cells secrete pepsinogen into the lumen of the stomach?
A) Goblet
B) G
C) Parietal
D) Chief
E) Neck |
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Definition
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Term
21) What cells function to secrete hydrogen ions into the lumen of the stomach?
A) Goblet
B) Parietal
C) Chief
D) Neck
E) G |
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Definition
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Term
22) What do parietal cells secrete?
A) hydrogen ions only
B) pepsinogen only
C) intrinsic factor only
D) both hydrogen ions and pepsinogen
E) both hydrogen ions and intrinsic factor |
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Definition
| both hydrogen ions and intrinsic factor |
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Term
23) What do neck cells of gastric pits secrete?
A) hydrogen ions
B) pepsinogen
C) intrinsic factor
D) gastrin
E) mucus |
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Definition
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Term
24) Which of the following is NOT a normal function of the high acidity of the stomach?
A) activate pepsin
B) denature proteins
C) destroy foodborne bacteria
D) activate vitamin B12
E) protect against illness |
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Definition
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Term
25) Once the chyme begins to enter the duodenum, it must first be ________ before any of the enzymes in the pancreatic juices can be activated.
A) neutralized
B) acidified
C) dehydrated
D) hydrated
E) phosphorylated |
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Definition
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Term
26) What protects the stomach wall from the acidic lumenal contents?
A) a layer of parietal cells
B) the gastric mucosal barrier
C) the presence of rugae
D) the gastric coat
E) a layer of adipose tissue lining the gastric mucosa |
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Definition
| the gastric mucosal barrier |
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Term
27) To increase the absorptive efficiency of the small intestine, the surface area of the mucosa is increased by the presence of folds in the wall called ________, and projections of the cell membrane called ________.
A) microvilli : villi
B) villi : microvilli
C) lacteals : rugae
D) rugae : lacteals
E) microvilli : lacteals |
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Definition
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Term
28) Which of the following is the correct order of the components of the small intestine, from stomach to colon?
A) ileum jejunum duodenum
B) jejunum duodenum ileum
C) duodenum ileum jejunum
D) jejunum ileum duodenum
E) duodenum jejunum ileum |
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Definition
| duodenum jejunum ileum |
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Term
29) A lacteal is a ________ located in ________.
A) nerve : myenteric plexus
B) nerve : submucosal plexus
C) capillary : villus
D) lymphatic vessel : villus
E) patch of immune tissue : submucosa |
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Definition
| lymphatic vessel : villus |
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Term
30) What is the brush border?
A) microvilli from parietal cells
B) microvilli from epithelial cells lining the small intestine
C) villi from parietal cells
D) villi from epithelial cells lining the small intestine
E) villi from epithelial cells lining the stomach |
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Definition
| microvilli from epithelial cells lining the small intestine |
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Term
31) What do the secretory cells in the crypts of Lieberkuhn's secrete?
A) gastric juice
B) intestinal juice
C) succus entericus
D) pancreatic juice
E) bile |
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Definition
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Term
32) Blood from the intestinal capillaries drains into what blood vessel before entering the hepatic portal vein?
A) hepatic artery
B) mesenteric vein
C) hepatic vein
D) coeliac vein
E) intestinal vein |
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Definition
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Term
33) What region of the colon serves primarily as a storage depot for whatever material remains in the lumen after absorption has occurred?
A) ascending
B) transverse
C) descending
D) sigmoid
E) resected |
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Definition
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Term
34) What is the primary function of the colon?
A) further digest fats within the chyme
B) reduce the volume of the chyme
C) further digest protein within the chyme
D) further absorb carbohydrates
E) regulate absorption of carbohydrates and amino acids |
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Definition
| reduce the volume of the chyme |
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Term
35) Which of the following structures is NOT part of the large intestine?
A) colon
B) cecum
C) rectum
D) anus
E) vermiform appendix |
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Definition
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Term
36) Which of the following sphincters is composed of skeletal muscle?
A) pyloric sphincter only
B) upper esophageal sphincter only
C) external anal sphincter only
D) both the pyloric and upper esophageal sphincters
E) both the upper esophageal and external anal sphincters |
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Definition
| both the upper esophageal and external anal sphincters |
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Term
37) Which of the following is NOT one of the components of saliva?
A) bicarbonate ions
B) mucus
C) lipases
D) amylases
E) lysozymes |
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Definition
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Term
38) Which of the following is NOT one of the components of exocrine pancreatic secretions?
A) digase
B) lipase
C) amylase
D) protease
E) nuclease |
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Definition
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Term
39) What enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas degrade fats?
A) Proteases
B) Digases
C) Amylases
D) Lipases
E) Nucleases |
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Definition
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Term
40) Which of the following secretes a bicarbonate-rich fluid?
A) salivary glands only
B) pancreas only
C) liver only
D) both salivary glands and pancreas
E) salivary glands, pancreas, and liver |
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Definition
| salivary glands, pancreas, and liver |
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Term
41) Which of the following secretes lipase?
A) salivary glands
B) pancreas
C) liver
D) both salivary glands and pancreas
E) pancreas and liver |
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Definition
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Term
42) Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the liver?
A) secretion of bile
B) synthesis of albumin
C) removal of aged erythrocytes
D) secretion of enzymes for digestion
E) synthesis and modification of hormones |
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Definition
| secretion of enzymes for digestion |
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Term
43) What degradation by-product of hemoglobin is removed from the liver (and thereby the body) in bile?
A) lipoproteins
B) bilirubin
C) iron
D) urea
E) uric acid |
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Definition
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Term
44) In order to convert amino acids to fatty acids and/or gluconeogenic precursors, an ammonium ion must be removed in the liver and converted to ________ before being excreted by the kidneys.
A) urea
B) uric acid
C) bilirubin
D) ammonia
E) nitrogen |
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Definition
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Term
45) Which of the following is NOT one of the wastes that is eliminated by the liver in bile?
A) bilirubin
B) trace metals
C) urea
D) certain drugs
E) cholesterol |
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Definition
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Term
46) Which of the following is NOT one of the hormone-related functions of the liver?
A) secrete hormone binding proteins
B) hormone degradation
C) hormone modification
D) hormone synthesis
E) hormone storage |
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Definition
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Term
47) The flow of bile from the liver and juices from the exocrine pancreas converge at what structure?
A) bile duct
B) common bile duct
C) ampulla of Vater
D) common hepatic duct
E) gallbladder |
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Definition
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Term
48) One side of a hepatocyte faces the blood while the other faces what?
A) sinusoid
B) bile canaliculus
C) enterocyte
D) acinar cells
E) common hepatic duct |
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Definition
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Term
49) What is the functional unit of the liver?
A) lobule
B) hepatocyte
C) bile canaliculi
D) sinusoid
E) lobe |
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Definition
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Term
50) What are liver sinusoids?
A) the site of bile synthesis
B) the pathway for bile to exit the liver
C) blood-filled cavities that exchange material with the hepatocytes
D) bile-filled cavities that exchange material with the hepatocytes
E) air-filled cavities in the liver |
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Definition
| blood-filled cavities that exchange material with the hepatocytes |
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Term
51) What are Kupffer cells?
A) macrophages in the liver
B) hepatocytes
C) cells of the stomach that secrete hydrogen ions
D) cells lining the Crypts of Lieberkuhns
E) cells lining the pancreatic duct |
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Definition
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Term
52) The enzyme amylase is able to cleave glycogen and starch into ________.
A) disaccharides only
B) monosaccharides only
C) limit dextrins only
D) both disaccharides and limit dextrins
E) both monosaccharides and disaccharides |
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Definition
| both disaccharides and limit dextrins |
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Term
53) Which of the following is NOT an enzyme that acts on the products of amylase digestion of glycogen and starch?
A) glucoamylase
B) sucrase
C) maltase
D) galactase
E) dextinase |
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Definition
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Term
54) The absorption of glucose involves ________ across the apical membrane and ________ across the basolateral membrane.
A) facilitated diffusion: facilitated diffusion
B) simple diffusion : facilitated diffusion
C) secondary active transport : facilitated diffusion
D) secondary active transport : secondary active transport
E) secondary active transport : primary active transport |
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Definition
| secondary active transport : facilitated diffusion |
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Term
55) Where are enzymes that breakdown disaccharides located?
A) in the lumen of the small intestine
B) on the apical membrane of enterocytes
C) inside enterocytes
D) on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes
E) in the lumen of the large intestine |
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Definition
| on the apical membrane of enterocytes |
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Term
56) The absorption of fructose across the apical membrane of the lumenal epithelial cells occurs through what process?
A) facilitated diffusion
B) diffusion
C) sodium-linked secondary active transport
D) primary active transport
E) paracellular transport |
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Definition
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Term
57) The digestion of proteins begins in the ________ with the activation of the zymogen ________.
A) small intestine : trypsinogen
B) stomach : pepsinogen
C) mouth : pepsinogen
D) small intestine : chymotrypsinogen
E) stomach : procarboxypeptidase |
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Definition
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Term
58) What enzyme is responsible for cleavage of the amino acid at the amine portion of the peptide fragment?
A) carboxypeptidase
B) trypsin
C) chymotrypsin
D) enterokinase
E) aminopeptidase |
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Definition
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Term
59) What enzyme activates procarboxypeptidase?
A) carboxypeptidase
B) trypsin
C) pepsin
D) enterokinase
E) aminopeptidase |
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Definition
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Term
60) Proteolytic enzymes secreted in pancreatic juice are stored in secretory cells of the pancreas as ________.
A) pepsinogen
B) limit dextrins
C) zymogens
D) bile salts
E) chylomicrons |
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Definition
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Term
61) What enzyme cleaves trypsinogen to trypsin?
A) chymotrypsin
B) pepsin
C) enterokinase
D) procarboxypeptidase
E) amylase |
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Definition
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Term
62) Many individual amino acids enter the epithelial cells that line the lumen of the digestive tract via what transport process?
A) paracellular transport
B) simple diffusion
C) primary active transport
D) sodium-linked secondary active transport
E) facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| sodium-linked secondary active transport |
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Term
63) In order to begin the process of fat digestion, the fat globules must be ________.
A) emulsified by lipases
B) emulsified by trypsin
C) emulsified by bile salts
D) coalesced by bile salts
E) coalesced by lipase |
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Definition
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Term
64) Emulsification aids in the digestion of fats by ________.
A) increasing the surface area of the fat globule exposed to enzymes
B) beginning the process of degrading the triglycerides within the fat globule
C) increasing the number of fat globules
D) the ability of bile salts to activate lipases that digest fats
E) increasing the number of hydrophobic residues on the surface of the fat globule |
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Definition
| increasing the surface area of the fat globule exposed to enzymes |
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Term
65) Pancreatic lipase degrades triglycerides into ________.
A) a monoglyceride and 1 free fatty acid
B) a triglyceride whose free fatty acids have been shortened 2 carbons at a time
C) a glycerol and 3 free fatty acids
D) a diglyceride and 1 free fatty acid
E) a monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids |
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Definition
| a monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids |
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Term
66) Digestion products of lipases are readily exchanged in the lumen with ________.
A) cholesterol
B) polysaccharides
C) chylomicrons
D) micelles
E) low-density lipoproteins |
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Definition
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Term
67) Bile salts are recycled by the ________.
A) mesenteric arteries
B) hepatic arteries
C) enterohepatic circulation
D) biliary circulation
E) common bile duct |
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Definition
| enterohepatic circulation |
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Term
68) The products of fat degradation are absorbed in the small intestines by what transport process?
A) sodium-linked secondary active transport
B) simple diffusion
C) primary active transport
D) facilitated diffusion
E) paracellular transport |
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Definition
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Term
69) Once the degradation products of triglycerides have entered the epithelial cells that line the small intestines, they ________.
A) cross the basolateral membrane and enter the circulation where they will be embedded into a chylomicron
B) are reassembled into triglycerides and released into the blood where they can be incorporated into chylomicrons
C) are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged by the Golgi apparatus into micelles
D) are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged by the Golgi apparatus into chylomicrons
E) are further degraded to glycerol and a free fatty acid, which are packaged by the Golgi apparatus into chylomicrons |
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Definition
| are reassembled into triglycerides and packaged by the Golgi apparatus into chylomicrons |
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Term
70) Lipids are absorbed as ________ into ________.
A) fatty acids and monoglycerides : mesenteric capillaries
B) micelles : mesenteric capillaries
C) chylomicrons : mesenteric capillaries
D) chylomicrons : lacteals
E) micelles : lacteals |
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Definition
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Term
71) Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the ________ through ________.
A) jejunum : complexing with intrinsic factor
B) duodenum : facilitated diffusion
C) ileum : complexing with intrinsic factor
D) duodenum : cotransport with sodium
E) jejunum : facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
| ileum : complexing with intrinsic factor |
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Term
72) A lack of intrinsic factor can result in ________.
A) pernicious anemia
B) aplastic anemia
C) diarrhea
D) diabetes
E) immune suppression |
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Definition
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Term
73) The absorption of sodium throughout the small intestine is driven by ________ transport and is typically linked to the absorption of ________.
A) active : chloride
B) passive : bicarbonate
C) active : bicarbonate
D) active : glucose
E) passive : glucose |
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Definition
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Term
74) In the jejunum, bicarbonate is ________, while in the ileum and colon, bicarbonate is ________.
A) absorbed : absorbed
B) absorbed : secreted
C) secreted : secreted
D) secreted : absorbed
E) absorbed : not transported in either direction |
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Definition
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Term
75) Carbonic anhydrase is located in which of the following structures?
A) salivary glands only
B) parietal cells only
C) lumen of the small intestine only
D) both salivary glands and parietal cells
E) both parietal cells and lumen of the small intestine |
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Definition
| both parietal cells and lumen of the small intestine |
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Term
76) Which of the following substances does NOT require the interaction with a protein in the intestinal tract to be absorbed?
A) fat-soluble vitamins
B) vitamin B12
C) calcium
D) iron
E) sodium |
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Definition
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Term
77) The central component of the long reflex pathway typically involves the ________ nervous system, which acts to promote an increase in gastrointestinal activity.
A) parasympathetic
B) sympathetic
C) somatic
D) enteric
E) intrinsic |
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Definition
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Term
78) Gastric-phase control of gastrointestinal function refers to its site of origin, which is what?
A) the pancreas
B) the central nervous system
C) the stomach
D) the intestines
E) the colon |
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Definition
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Term
79) Which of the following is NOT one of the hormones released by the gastrointestinal tract that regulates its function?
A) gastrin
B) cholecystokinin
C) secretin
D) glucose inhibitory peptide
E) glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide |
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Definition
| glucose inhibitory peptide |
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Term
80) Which of the following is an enterogastrone?
A) gastrin
B) cholecystokinin
C) epinephrine
D) monoglyceride
E) bile |
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Definition
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Term
81) What does the secretion of leptin cause?
A) increased motility of the gastrointestinal tract
B) increased pancreatic secretion into the gastrointestinal tract
C) decreased gastric secretion into the gastrointestinal tract
D) increased bile secretion
E) decreased sensation of hunger |
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Definition
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Term
82) What causes leptin secretion to increase?
A) increased gluconeogenesis in liver cells
B) increased glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle cells
C) increased storage of calories in adipose cells
D) decreased synthesis of triglycerides in adipose cells
E) decreased synthesis of glycogen in liver cells |
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Definition
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Term
83) Obesity predisposes a person for development of all of the following diseases EXCEPT ________.
A) diabetes mellitus type 1
B) atherosclerosis
C) heart disease
D) liver disease
E) hypertension |
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Definition
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Term
84) A person is considered obese if their body fat composition is what percentage above normal?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40
E) 50 |
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Definition
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Term
85) What cell type secretes resistin?
A) adipocytes only
B) hepatocytes only
C) G cells only
D) macrophages only
E) adipocytes and macrophages |
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Definition
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Term
86) The increase in absorbed nutrients in blood will cause secretion of what hormone to increase, thereby decreasing the sensation of hunger?
A) gastrin
B) insulin
C) cholecystokinin
D) secretin
E) glucagon |
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Definition
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Term
87) The presence of food in the duodenum will cause secretion of what hormone to increase, thereby decreasing the sensation of hunger?
A) gastrin
B) insulin
C) cholecystokinin
D) secretin
E) glucagon |
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Definition
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Term
88) ________ ions are produced within the parietal cells and transported across the apical membrane via an active transporter while, at the same time, ________ moves across the apical membrane through ion channels.
A) Hydrogen : sodium
B) Bicarbonate : chloride
C) Bicarbonate : hydrogen
D) Hydrogen : chloride
E) Hydrogen : bicarbonate |
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Definition
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Term
89) Which of the following is a gastric-phase stimulus for acid secretion?
A) distension of the stomach and the act of swallowing
B) chewing and the act of swallowing
C) distension of the stomach and the presence of protein digestion products in the lumen of the stomach
D) chewing, swallowing, and the presence of protein digestion products in the lumen of the stomach
E) the presence of fat and protein digestion products in the lumen of the stomach |
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Definition
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Term
90) Which of the following is NOT responsible for the decrease in parietal and chief cell secretion that occurs as food enters the small intestines?
A) decreased stomach pH
B) decreased distension of the stomach
C) lower concentration of digestive components
D) increased osmolarity of duodenal components
E) decreased fats and acids in the duodenum |
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Definition
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Term
91) In response to the presence of food within the duodenum, the increased release of what hormone will primarily stimulate an increase in enzyme secretion from the exocrine pancreas?
A) insulin
B) gastrin
C) cholecystokinin
D) secretin
E) glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide |
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Definition
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Term
92) In response to the presence of food within the duodenum, the increased release of what hormone will primarily stimulate an increase in bicarbonate secretion from the exocrine pancreas?
A) insulin
B) gastrin
C) cholecystokinin
D) secretin
E) glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide |
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Definition
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Term
93) The secretion of cholecystokinin is primarily regulated by which of the following?
A) carbohydrate digestion products
B) protein digestion products and fat presence in the duodenum
C) distention of the duodenum
D) acid and amino acid content of the chyme
E) opening of the pyloric sphincter |
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Definition
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Term
94) The secretion of secretin is primarily regulated by which of the following?
A) carbohydrate digestion products
B) protein digestion products and fat
C) distention of the duodenum
D) acid content of the duodenum
E) opening of the pyloric sphincter |
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Definition
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Term
95) Which of the following are mechanisms by which cholecystokinin (CCK) facilitates digestion of fats?
A) stimulation of lipase and bile secretion
B) stimulation of gallbladder contraction and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
C) stimulation of lipase secretion and gallbladder contraction
D) stimulation of bile secretion and liver contraction
E) stimulation of bile secretion and contraction of the sphincter of Oddi |
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Definition
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Term
96) What is the main hormone that stimulates bile secretion?
A) cholecystokinin
B) insulin
C) secretin
D) glucagon
E) gastrin |
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Definition
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Term
97) In the intestine, smooth muscle cell contraction ________.
A) is graded by the extent of depolarization for slow waves until an action potential is generated
B) is graded by the extent of depolarization for slow waves whether an action potential is generated or not
C) requires an action potential and is therefore graded by frequency of action potentials
D) requires an action potential but is graded by slow wave height
E) is stimulated by motor neurons |
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Definition
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Term
98) What causes peristalsis?
A) contraction of the circular muscle layer and relaxation of the longitudinal muscle at the same segment
B) relaxation of the circular muscle layer and contraction of the longitudinal muscle at the same segment
C) contraction of circular muscle layer and relaxation of the longitudinal muscle in the proximal segment coupled to the contraction of longitudinal muscle and relaxation of the circular muscle in the distal segment
D) relaxation of circular muscle layer and contraction of the longitudinal muscle in the proximal segment coupled to the relaxation of longitudinal muscle and contraction of the circular muscle in the distal segment
E) contraction of both the circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle in the proximal segment coupled to the relaxation of both the circular muscle layer and longitudinal muscle in the distal segment |
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Definition
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Term
99) What causes segmentation?
A) contraction of the circular muscle at one intestinal segment coupled with its relaxation at adjoining segments
B) contraction of longitudinal muscle at one intestinal segment coupled with its relaxation at adjoining segments
C) contraction of the circular muscle at one intestinal segment coupled with contraction of the longitudinal muscle at adjoining segments
D) contraction of both the circular and longitudinal layers of muscle at one segment coupled with the relaxation of both at adjoining segments
E) relaxation of circular muscle layer and contraction of the longitudinal muscle at one segment coupled to the relaxation of longitudinal muscle and contraction of the circular muscle in the adjoining segments |
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Definition
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Term
100) What does propelling food to the back of the mouth with the tongue initiate?
A) swallowing reflex
B) chewing reflex
C) bolus formation
D) peristalsis
E) receptive relaxation |
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Definition
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Term
101) What does entry of the bolus into the esophagus initiate by stimulating stretch receptors?
A) the swallowing reflex
B) the chewing reflex
C) bolus formation
D) peristalsis
E) receptive relaxation |
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Definition
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Term
102) What is the decrease in rugae folding within the stomach in advance of the arrival of a bolus of food called?
A) esophageal reflex relaxation
B) gastric expansion
C) receptive relaxation
D) peristaltic relaxation
E) gastric unfolding |
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Definition
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Term
103) The peristaltic waves of the stomach will result in ________ if the pyloric sphincter is closed.
A) an inhibition of further waves
B) stimulation of hormone secretion from the duodenum
C) the formation of a bolus
D) some of the chyme being forced into the duodenum even
E) the mixing of the chyme |
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Definition
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Term
104) Which of the following describes events of the migrating motility complex in the stomach?
A) mild fundic contractions accompanied by pyloric relaxation
B) intense antral contractions accompanied by pyloric contraction
C) intense antral contractions accompanied by pyloric relaxation
D) mild antral contractions accompanied by pyloric relaxation
E) intense fundic contractions accompanied by pyloric contraction |
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Definition
| intense antral contractions accompanied by pyloric relaxation |
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Term
105) Where does peristalsis occur?
A) esophagus only
B) stomach only
C) small intestine only
D) both stomach and small intestine
E) esophagus, stomach, and small intestine |
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Definition
| esophagus, stomach, and small intestine |
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Term
106) Which of the following increases gastric motility?
A) distension of the stomach
B) cholecystokinin and secretin
C) increased osmolarity of duodenal contents
D) distension of the intestines
E) increased fat content in the lumen of the duodenum |
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Definition
| distension of the stomach |
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Term
107) What is the function of segmentation in the small intestines?
A) the opening of the pyloric valve
B) releasing bile from the gall bladder
C) releasing pancreatic juices
D) propelling the chyme
E) mixing the chyme |
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Definition
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Term
108) What reflex protects the small intestine by inhibiting contractions while the intestines are injured or severely distended?
A) intestino-intestinal reflex
B) ileogastric reflex
C) gastroileal reflex
D) colonocolonic reflex
E) gastrocolic reflex |
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Definition
| intestino-intestinal reflex |
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Term
109) What reflex stimulates the motility of the ileum in response to the presence of chyme in the stomach?
A) intestino-intestinal reflex
B) ileogastric reflex
C) gastroileal reflex
D) colonocolonic reflex
E) gastrocolic reflex |
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Definition
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Term
109) What reflex stimulates the motility of the ileum in response to the presence of chyme in the stomach?
A) intestino-intestinal reflex
B) ileogastric reflex
C) gastroileal reflex
D) colonocolonic reflex
E) gastrocolic reflex |
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Definition
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Term
111) What is a mass movement?
A) a segmentation-like wave in the large intestine that causes the elimination of contents as feces
B) a peristaltic-like wave in the large intestine that causes the elimination of contents as feces
C) a segmentation-like wave in the large intestine that mixes the contents
D) a peristaltic-like wave in the large intestine that propels the contents toward the rectum
E) another name for defecation |
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Definition
| a peristaltic-like wave in the large intestine that propels the contents toward the rectum |
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