Details Title: Chapter 2 - Atoms, Elements, and Minerals Description: Midterm number 1 Total Flash Cards: 22 Created: 09/17/2009 20:02:00		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Geology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term minerals Definition inorganic naturally occurring solids that have specific chemical compositions, an internal crystalline structure, and form through geologic processes. physically and chemically distinctive. building blocks of rocks and composititionally inorganic. Term crystalline Definition one in which the atoms are arranged in a three-dimensional, regularly repeating orderly pattern. Term atoms Definition the basic building block of the elements. smallest, electrically neutral assemblies of energy and matter that we know exist in the universe. Term electrons Definition tiny charged particles. neutralized as they crowd in around a central core of positively charged protons. Term nucleus Definition protons and neutrons protons are +1 charge neutrons are neutral electrons have -1 charge Term isotopes Definition atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons and therefore different atomic masses. contain different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons. either stable or unstable. unstavle ones are those in which protons or neutrons are lost from nucleus. Term element Definition defined by the number of protons in its nucleus. oxygen has 8 protons, making that its atomic number. Term ion Definition electrically charged atom. positively (cation) or negatively (anion) charged atoms. protons and electrons are not balanced. Term ionic bonding Definition ionic bonds form between cation and anions due to attraction between positive and negative charges of each Term covalent bonds Definition covalent bonds form through sharing of outer (valence) electrons between atoms Term silica Definition oxygen combined with silicon. 2nd most abundant element in crust. Term silicates Definition substances that contain silica. Term Definition Term element distribution Definition oxygen is most abundant element in the crust, silicon is second.   iron is most abundant by mass for bulk earth. Term important crustal minerals Definition Most rock-forming minerals are silicates:  Feldspars,  Pyroxenes, Amphiboles, Quartz, Micas, Olivine. Some important non-silicates are:   Calcite, Dolomite, Gypsum, oxides and sulfides  Term silicon-oxygen tetrahedron Definition basic building block of a crystal. 4 oxygen ions bonded to one silicon ion. -4 net charge. Term isolated silicate structure Definition silicate minerals that are structured so that none of the oxygen atoms is shared by tetrahedrons Term chain silicate structure Definition two of a tetrahedron's oxygen atoms are shared with adjacent tetrahedrons to form a chain. Term sheet silicate structure Definition each tetrahedron shares three oxygen atoms to form a sheet Term framework silicate structure Definition all four oxygen ions are shared by adjacent tetrahedrons. Term physical properties of minerals Definition color, hardness, streak, luster, external form, cleavage, density, chemical tests, special properties Term Definition