Term
Life Span Approach
VS.
Traditional Developmental approach |
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Definition
Traditional approach: emphasizes extensive change during infancy, little to no change in adulthood and decline in old age
Life Span Approach: emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood |
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Term
Life Expectancy
VS.
Life Span |
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Definition
Life Expectancy:the average number of years a person can expect to live (78.62 years in US)
Life Span: The upper boundary of life/maximum number of years (122 years in humans) |
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Term
| Normative Age-Graded Events |
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Definition
similar for individuals of a particular age group
- puberty (biological)
- menopause (biological)
- starting school (environmental)
- retirement (environmental)
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Term
Normative History-Graded Events
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Definition
common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances
- great depression
- vietnam war
- women's right's movement
- 9/11/01
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Term
Non-Normative Life Events
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Definition
influence people in different ways
- unexpected loss of loved one
- pregnancy in early adolecence
- winning the lotto
- natural disaster
- not "business as usual"
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Term
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Definition
| behaviors, patterns, beliefs and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation |
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Term
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Definition
- position in society
- occupation
- education
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Term
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Definition
- cultural heritage
- nationality
- language
- race
- religion
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Term
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Definition
Psycological and sociocultural dimensions of being male or female
- often related to identity
- masculine, femanine, androgynous
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Term
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Definition
| Of relating to, or being a person who identifies w/or express a gender identity that differs from birth sex |
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Term
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Definition
Nature: an organism's biological inheritance
Nurture: the environmental experiences |
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Term
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Definition
Hypotheses: Assertations or predictions, often derived from theories, that can be tested
Theory: A coherent set of ideas that helps to explain data and to make predictions |
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Term
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Definition
| describe development promarily in terms of unconscious (beyond awareness) processes that are heavily colored by emotion |
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Term
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Definition
- oral stage (birth to 1 1/2 years)
- anal stage (1 1/2 to 3 years)
- phallic stage (3-6 years)
- latency stage (6 years to puberty)
- genital stage (puberty onward)
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Term
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Definition
- trust vs. mistrust (first year)
- autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1-3 years)
- initiative vs. guilt (3-5 years)
- industry vs.inferiority (6 to puberty)
- identity vs. identity confusion (10-20 years)
- intimacyvs. isolation (20's-30's)
- generativity vs stagnation (40's-50's)
- integrity vs. despair (60's onward)
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Term
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Definition
| the theory that children construct their understanding of the world and go through 4 stages of cognitive development |
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Term
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Definition
| A sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development |
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Term
| Information-Processing Theory |
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Definition
| A theory that emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it and strategize about it. The processes of memory and thinking are central |
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Term
| Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory |
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Definition
Focuses on 5 environmental systems
- microsystem
- mesosystem
- exosystem
- macrosystem
- chronosystem
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Term
Ethology
and
Lorenz Project |
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Definition
Ethology: study of the behavior of animals in their natural habitat
Konrad Lorenz proved imprinting by newly hatched goslings thinking he was their mother |
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Term
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Definition
| observation that occurs in a real-world setting without an attepmt to manipulate the situation |
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Term
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Definition
- useful in obtaining large amounts of data
- problem- people tend to answer in a way they think is socially acceptable or desirable
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Term
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Definition
| A test that is given with unifor procedures for administration and scoring |
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Term
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Definition
an in-depth examination of a single individual
- individual in unique, with genetic makeup and personal history no one else shares
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Term
Desciptive Research
VS.
Experimental Research |
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Definition
Descriptive Research: aim to observe and record behavior. does not prove cause
Experimental Research: studies cause |
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Term
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Definition
| the goal is to describe the strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics |
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Term
| Correlational Coefficient |
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Definition
A number based on statistical analysis that is used to describe the degree of association between 2 variables
- correlational coefficients range from -1.00 to +1.00
- the higher the coefficient (wether neg or pos), the stronger the association between the 2 variables
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Term
Independent
VS.
Dependent Variables |
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Definition
Independent Variable: a manipulated, influential experimental factor. It is a potential cause
Dependent Variable: a factor that can be changed in an experiment, in response to changes in the independant variable |
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Term
Random Assignment
VS.
Double Blind Studies |
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Definition
Random Assignment: researchers assign participants to the experimental or control group by chance
Double Blind Study: researchers do not know which participants are in the experimental or control group |
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Term
Longitudinal
VS.
Cross Sectional Research |
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Definition
Longitudinal: a study in which the same individual(s) are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more
Cross Sectional: strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time |
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Term
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Definition
a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar expericences as a result
- living through the vietnam war
- growing up in same city around same time
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Term
| Ethical Considerations In Doing Research |
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Definition
- informed consent
- confidentiality
- debriefing
- if deception is used
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