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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. |
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| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asesses conclusions. |
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| an explanations using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations. |
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| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. |
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| a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. |
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| repeating the essence of a research study usually with different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances. |
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| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representitive, random sample of them. |
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| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. |
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| all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. |
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| a sample that fairly represents a population pecause each member has an equal chance of inclusion. |
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| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. |
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| a measure of the extent to which two afactors vary together, and ths of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1 |
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| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. Te amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation). |
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| the perception of a relationship where none exists. |
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| a research method in which an investigaor manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. |
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| an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. |
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| experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent. |
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| the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. |
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| the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. |
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| the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |
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