Term
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Definition
| a connective tissue that has a liquid matrix known asplasma |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid that circulates around body cells |
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Term
| Characteristics of the Blood |
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Definition
1. Temperature = 38 C (100.4 F) core
37 C ( 98.6 F) peripheral
2. pH: 7.35 to 7.45
3. Viscosity: 4.5 to 5.5 (water = 1.0)
4. Volume: 4 to 6 liters
5. Salt concentration: 0.90%
6. Approximately 8% of the body's weight |
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Term
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Definition
1. Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrientsand waste products
2. Regulation of pH, body temp., water content of cells
3. Protection from bleeding (via clotting) and disease |
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Term
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Definition
- approx. 55% of the blood
- straw colored
- 91.5% water
- 7% protein (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, etc...)
- 1.5% electrolytes, gases, hormones, etc... |
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Term
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Definition
- Male hct: 47 (40 to 57%)
- Female hct: 42 (38 to 46%)
a. Red Blood Cells (RBC) = Erythrocyte
b. White Blood Cells (WBC) = Leukocyte
- 5 types
c. Thrombocytes = Platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| Hematopoiesis = formation of blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of erythrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that stimulates RBC production |
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Term
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Definition
| mesenchymal cells that have thecapacity to form several types of cells, p. 638 |
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Term
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) = |
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Definition
"Sed rate"
a clinical test that indicates inflammation in the body |
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Term
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Definition
- anucleated, biconcave disk
- 7 to 8 um in diameter
- contains the red pigment hemoglobin for oxygen transport
- transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
- approx. 5 million RBC/microliter(uL) of blood (one drop ofblood contains approx. 50 uL of blood)
- approx. 2 million RBCs must enter circulation each second tomaintain homeostatic levels |
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Term
| Hemoglobin and RBC Physiology |
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Definition
- made of 4 globin (polypeptide) chains; p. 640
- each globin contains a heme molecule
- each heme molecule contains an iron ion (Fe++)
- each heme molecule can reversibly bind to one oxygen (O2)molecule (a maximum of 4 oxygen molecules can betransported by one hemoglobin)
- there are approx. 280 million hemoglobin/RBC
- approx. 13% of the carbon dioxide is transported byhemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
- The Reticulocyte is the term used for a nucleated RBC priorto its release into circulation.
- RBCs circulate approx. 120 days before they become fragileand rupture (this often occurs in the Spleen and Liver bythe action of macrophages)
- globin can be broken down into amino acids, iron istransported (by transferrin) to the Liver and red bonemarrow to be reused
- the non-iron portion of heme is excreted in the bile asbilirubin, if this remains in the large intestine it isconverted to Stercobilin, the normal brown pigment of thestools
- Clay Colored Stools - no stercobilin in the stool, canindicate hepatic or biliary cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| no stercobilin in the stool, canindicate hepatic or biliary cancer |
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Term
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Definition
- nucleated
- normally 7000 WBC/uL (5000 to 10000)
- Leukocytosis - white count above 10000
- Leukocytopenia (Leukopenia) - white count below 5000 |
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Term
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Definition
- Leukocytes that have large cytoplasmic granules
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils |
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Term
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Definition
- most common WBC (60 to 70% of WBCs)
- 10 to 12 um in diameter
nt ------ - usually, the cytoplasmic granules do not obscure thenucleus
- a phagocyte
- increase during infection and inflammation
- also known as Polymorphonuclear Lymphocytes (PMN)
- "Segs" - the nucleus of neutrophils segments as itages, nucleus has two to five lobes
- "Bands" - term used to describe immature Neutrophilsthat have a rod shaped nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| the nucleus of neutrophils segments as itages, nucleus has two to five lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to describe immature Neutrophilsthat have a rod shaped nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
nt ------ - normally less than 1% of circulating WBCs
- numbers normally increase with allergies, cancer
- increase/enhance the inflammatory response
nt ------ - granules usually obscure the nucleus which is bi-lobed |
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Term
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Definition
- numbers normally increase with allergies, parasiticinfections, autoimmune diseases
- phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
nt ------ - normally 2 to 4% of circulating WBCs
nt ------ - 10 to 12 um in diameter
nt ------ - usually, the cytoplasmic granules do not obscure thenucleus |
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Term
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Definition
- cytoplasmic granules are not visible under the lightmicroscope
- lymphocytes
- monocytes |
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Term
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Definition
- (T Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes and Natural Killer Cells)
- mediate the immune response
- increase during viral infection and some leukemias
- has a round or slightly indented nucleus
nt ------ - 20 to 25% of circulating WBCs
nt ------ - 6 to 14 um in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
- phagocytes
- increase during chronic infections
nt ------ - 12 to 20 um in diameter
nt ------ - 3 to 8% of circulating WBCs
- nucleus is kidney shaped
- differentiate to become Macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
- a.k.a. Thrombocytes
- anucleated
- 2 to 4 um in diameter
- normally 150,000 to 400,000 platelets/uL of blood
- aid in blood clotting
- normally circulate 5 to 9 days |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone produced by the Liver thatstimulates megakaryocytes to form platelets |
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Term
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Definition
- the stoppage of bleeding (hemorrhage)
1. Vascular Spasm
2. Platelet Plug Formation
3. Blood Clotting |
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Term
Vascular Spasm
region of a vessel, slows bleeding |
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Definition
| - constriction of the circular strands of smooth muscle in thedamaged |
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Term
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Definition
- platelets stick to the rough surfaces of damaged vessels,especially collagen fibers
- these accumulate over the injury site to staunch bleeding
p. 647
- these platelets and damaged cells release chemicals thatmaintain vascular spasm and aid in platelet aggregation |
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Term
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Definition
= Coagulation - a series of chemical reactions that culminatesin the formation of fibrin threads
- can be initiated by factors originating from outside theCirculatory system that enter this system (The ExtrinsicPathway that is initiated by tissue factor {TF}), and/orthe presence of certain materials arising from within theCirculatory system (like collagen fibers or damagedplatelets). In either instance activated factor Xcombines with factor V and calcium ions to formProthrombinase, activating the common pathway ofclotting. |
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Term
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Definition
(1) Prothrombinase converts Prothrombin to Thrombin.This process requires calcium ions.
(2) Thrombin converts soluble Fibrinogen to insolubleFibrin threads.
Thrombin also activates factor XIII.
(3) Platelets and RBCs are trapped at the injury site byFibrin to form the clot.
(4) Activated factor XIII helps stabilize the Fibrinthreads to help stabilize the clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma minus clotting factors |
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Term
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Definition
| a fat soluble vitamin that is required tosynthesize many clotting factors- Hemophilia - disorder(s) caused by a genetic lack ofcertain clotting factors |
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Term
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Definition
| clotting with in an unbroken blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| the clot produced by Thrombosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood clot, air bubble or other particlethat is transported by the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| the blockage produced by an Embolus |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances that dissolveblood clots |
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Term
| Factors that limit clot formation: |
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Definition
(1) The inactive circulating enzyme Plasminogen isincorporated into the clot. Substances likeThrombin and other factors convert Plasminogeninto the active Plasmin. Plasmin digestsFibrin threads.
(2) Fibrin bind Thrombin decreasing the circulatingThrombin.
(3) The clotting factors that leave the damaged area arein too low concentration to initiate clotformation.
(4) There are several anticoagulants normally found inthe blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| cell surface molecule (often proteins), theseenable our immune system to distinguish our cells from"foreign" cells are often called Isoantigens or Agglutinogens |
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Term
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Definition
Gamma globulins (proteins) produced by BLymphocytes that "attack foreign" cells
are often called Isoantibodies or Agglutinins |
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Term
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Definition
Clumping - this results from mismatchingblood types
- There are at least 24 known blood groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| - This individual has type A isoantigen in their RBC plasmamembrane, and produces isoantibodies (Anti-B antibody)that will "attack" type B isoantigen |
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Term
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Definition
| - This individual has type B isoantigen in their RBC plasmamembrane, and produces isoantibodies (Anti-A antibody)that will "attack" type A isoantigen |
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Term
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Definition
- This individual has both type A and type B isoantigen in theRBC plasma membrane, since neither isoantigen (antigen)is foreign this person does not produce isoantibodies(antibodies)
- Universal recipient, can receive RBCs from A, B, AB or O |
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Term
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Definition
- This individual does not have either isoantigen, andtherefore produces isoantibodies for both type A and typeB isoantigens (Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies)
- Universal donor, RBCs can be donated to A, B, AB or O |
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Term
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Definition
- Discovered in the blood of a Rhesus monkey
- A person who is Rh Positive has the isoantigen in their RBCplasma membrane. This isoantigen is the Rh Factor.
- A person who is Rh Negative does not have this isoantigen |
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Term
| Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) |
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Definition
= Erythroblastosis Fetalis
- A Rh negative mother carries a child who is Rh positive(i.e. the child received the Rh factor from the father).
- At some point the mother will develop isoantibodies thatwill "attack" the RBCs containing the Rh Factor.
- This does not effect the first pregnancy (usually), butincreases the chance that there will be difficulties withsubsequent pregnancies, i.e. lysis to the RBCs in theoffspring. |
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Term
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Definition
- characterized by an elevated hematocrit
- leads to increased BP, viscous blood, vessel damage |
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Term
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Definition
- reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
- signs and symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, andintolerance to cold |
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Term
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Definition
- most common type
- associated with excess loss of blood, decreased absorptionof iron, etc... |
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Term
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Definition
| - caused by lack of vitamin B12 absorption, Intrinsic Factoris not secreted by the stomach, this individual mustreceive regular injections of vitamin B12 |
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Term
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Definition
- a genetic disorder that results in malformed, fragile RBCs
- RBCs contain Hemoglobin S (Hb-S), an abnormal hemoglobin.
- RBCs are prematurely destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
- a group of disorders associated with an elevated WBC count
- malignancy of blood forming organs
- there are both chronic and acute forms |
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