Term
Response that occurs in individuals who have been sensitized by previous exposure to an antigen which is sometimes called allergen |
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Definition
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Term
| Allergic reaction that oftern occurs in 2 to 30 minutes after a person sensitized to an antigen is reexposed to that antigen |
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Definition
| Type I anaphylactic reaction |
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Term
| An exclusive term for the reactions caused when certain antigens combine with IgE antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Type I anaphylactic reaction |
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Term
| What ways can you tell if a person has a Type I anaphylactic reaction to certain foods or things? |
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Definition
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Term
A procedure that consist of series of gradually increasing dosages of the antigen injected beneath the skin |
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Definition
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Term
| Desensitization is done in the hopes that what occurs? |
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Definition
| The the body produces IgG instead of IgE |
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Term
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Definition
| Type II anaphylactic reaction |
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Term
| Who discovered that human blood could be grouped into 4 principal types and what is this method of classification called? |
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Definition
Karl Landsteiner ABO blood group system
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Term
What determines the positive or Negative in our blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is hemolytic disease of the newborn? |
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Definition
| When a father is positive and the mother is negative and the baby is positive. The mother's immune system attacks the baby with antibodies because it recognizes the baby as a foreign object. |
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Term
| What does drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura do? |
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Definition
The body recognizes the plateles as something foreign and kills them |
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Term
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Definition
Type III (immune complex) reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Type IV (Cell-mediated) reactions |
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Term
What are autoimmune diseases? |
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Definition
| Is loss of self tolerance such as aids. |
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Term
| How many type of Autoimmune diseases are there? |
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Definition
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Term
autoimmune disease type I |
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Definition
| Due to antibodies against pathogens |
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Term
| Autoimmune disease Type II |
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Definition
| Antibodies react with cell-surface antigens |
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Term
| Autoimmune Type III (immune complex) |
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Definition
| - involes IgM, IgG, complement immune complexes deposit in tissues |
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Term
| Autoimmune disease Type IV |
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Definition
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Term
| What are histocompatibility antigens? |
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Definition
Self antigens on cell surfaces |
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Term
| What is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)? |
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Definition
| Genes encoding histocompatibility antigens |
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Term
What is human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Anti-HLA antibodies attach to HLAs on lymphocytes Complement and blue dye is added Cells damaged by complement take up dye
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Term
| What may be the reactions to transplantation? |
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Definition
Transplants not recognized as self are rejected - attacked by T cells, macrophages and complements-fixing antibodies |
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Term
How can transplantation not be rejected? |
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Definition
| By stem cells who allow therapeutic cloning to avoid rejection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Use of identical twin's tissue |
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Definition
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Term
use of tissue from another person |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does graft-versus- host disease occur? |
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Definition
| As a result from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells |
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Term
| These cells contain tumor-specific antigens |
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Definition
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Term
| These cells recognize and lyse cancer cells |
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Definition
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Term
| treatment of cancer using immunological methods |
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Definition
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Term
Necrosis factor IL-2 interferons can do what to cancer cells? |
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Definition
They could kill cancer cells |
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Term
| Links poisons with a monoclonal antibody directed at a tumor antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false? Vaccines can contain tumor-specific antigens |
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Definition
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Term
| An immune deficiency that is due to defective or missing genes |
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Definition
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Term
| Immune deficiency that develop during an individual's life, due to drugs, cancers, and infections. Such as HIV infections |
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Definition
| Acquired immunodeficiency |
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Term
| What is an artificial acquired immune deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a naturally acquired immune deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1981, a cluster of cases in Los angeles appeared where young homosexual men had a loss of immune function. What were the 2 diseases found in them? |
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Definition
Pneumocystis Kapo's sarcoma
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Term
| Discovery of virus causing loss of immune function |
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Definition
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS) |
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Term
What type of DNA does the AIDS virus have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is so special about the RNA strand in AIDS virus? |
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Definition
| It has the ability to transcribe itself back to DNA - Reverse transcription enzyme |
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Term
What is the origin of Aids? |
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Definition
Cross the species barrier into humans in Africas The oldest case was a man who died in the congo (1959) Spread in africa as a result of urbanization Spread worldwide through modern transportation and unsafe sex
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Term
| Does HIV have a reverse transcriptase enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| HOw does HIV effect T cells? |
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Definition
| The spikes of the virus enable it to attachto the CD4 receptor on the T cell |
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Term
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Definition
Attaches to CD4 receptor of T cell The HIV capsid enters the cell by fusion, leavin its envelop behind The viral DNA is intergrated into cellular DNA and forms provirus PRovirus is activated to allow it to make new viruses
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Term
What occurs during latent infection of HIV? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the stages of HIV infection? |
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Definition
Category A - Swollen lymph nodes Category B - constant bad yeast infection Category C - clinical AIDS
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Term
What are some diagnostic methods? |
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Definition
seroconversion - takes 3 months ELISA test - detects HIV antibodies Western Blotting - detects HIV antigens PCR or Nucleic acid - Plasma viral load
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Term
| What is the significance of T cells if HIV is present? |
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Definition
| If HIV is present, there is a high level of T cells in the body |
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Term
| How many hours can HIV survive outside a cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long can HIV survive in a cell? |
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Definition
| less than 1.5 days in a cell |
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Term
What type of body fluids can transmit HIV from a health yperson from an infected person? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest mode of HIV transmission? |
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Definition
homosexual contact being 30% |
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Term
| What is the least mode of HIV transmission? |
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Definition
| male-male contact (heterosexual) |
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Term
| Injecting drug use and male to male sexual conduct |
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Definition
| America, canada, western europe, australia, North Africa, South America |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Injecting drug use and heterosexual contact? |
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Definition
| eastern europe, middle east, asia |
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Term
| What is the most common HIV and how many Clades does it have? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is HIV 2 mostly seen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are ways of preventing aids? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the risk of infection from an infected needlestick injury? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Clades in virus terms? |
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Definition
| The different version of the virus |
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Term
Why is it difficult to make a vaccine for HIV? |
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Definition
Mutation Clades - diff. versions Antibody-binding sites are "hidden" Proviruses - viral dna inbeds itself in cell DNA Latent viruses - some stay dorman for years
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Term
| What can chemotherapy do for HIV? |
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Definition
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor protease inhibitors - needed for viruses to grow fusion inhibitors - needed for viruses to grow
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Term
| Why is it effective to use a combination of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus non nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitor |
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Definition
A combinations of therapy keeps the virus from getting active. |
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